Objective: The objective of our study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding package inserts (PIs) among medical undergraduates of a Government Medical College in Kerala, India Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out on 100 medical students. It was conducted with the consent of all participants and after the approval of Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee. Pre-validated 15 items questionnaire was used to elicit responses about knowledge, attitude, and practice with a scoring scheme of +1 for “yes”/positive response and 0 for “no/I don’t know”/negative response. Data analyzed using “SPSS” and responses were expressed as mean scores and percentages. Results: Statistical analysis (response rate 98%) revealed that 88.2% have seen PIs but only 18.4% had the knowledge of drug acts governing the information to be provided on PIs in India. About 78.6% agreed PIs are necessary add-on to drug information. About 62.2% opined that PIs must be in regional language along with English. About 100% agreed that written information in PIs is difficult to read and understand. About 66.3% feel that doctors must instruct patients to read PIs thoroughly. About 71.4% have referred PIs as a source of knowledge for Indication/Contraindication/ Adverse Effects/Drug interaction. About 95.9% would like to refer PIs in future while prescribing as physician. Conclusion: We conclude that participants have positive attitude toward PIs but have less knowledge as compared with developed countries. Results suggest the need for escalating knowledge and awareness among medical students about PIs which, in turn, help to minimize medication errors.
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Introduction: Congenital absence of uterus, inability of the ovary to produce the eggs and any malformations of ovary, fallopian tube, uterus and adnexal tissue may lead to Primary Amenorrhea (PA). The genetic and chromosomal abnormalities are the main cause of PA. Endocrine causes like abnormal function of pituitary gland and hypothalamus also lead to PA. Other causes like stress, extreme physical activity and psychological causes or a combination of these causes may lead to delayed onset of menarche. Aim: To study the frequency and type of chromosomal abnormalities in PA patients. Materials and Methods: In the present descriptive study, subjects included patients referred with PA for chromosomal analysis to Sri Siddhartha Medical College Genetic Laboratory. Pedigrees with details were drawn and in-depth clinical evaluation and clinical information were obtained from all subjects. Results: Of the 77 females with amenorrhea, 65 (84.4%) had a normal karyotype (46, XX) while 12 (15.58%) had abnormal karyotype. The age group of the patients with PA ranged from 16-27 years. Mean age of PA was 21 years. In the present study, among 12 abnormal karyotyping patients 7 (58,3%) patients showed XY, sex reversal. This study also identified a X chromosome homogeneous monosomy, (Turner’s) 45 X in one (8.3%) case. Turner’s mosaic 45, X/46, XX in three cases (25%), and one case (8.3%) showed inversion 46, XX, inv (11), (P15q11). Conclusion: A significant number of patients had sex chromosomal abnormalities; thus, early cytogenetic investigation is prudent to guide further management. Genetic counselling should include the risk of premature menopause for patients with Turner’s syndrome and the use of hormonal replacement therapy, the risk of gonadal malignancy for patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis and the possibility of infertility in the future children of patients with mosaic Turner.
Objective: The objectives of our study were to estimate the prevalence of self-medication, to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication, and to compare the risk factors of self-medication practices among 1st-and 2nd-year medical undergraduates, of a Government Medical College in Kerala, India. Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval and informed consent. A pre-validated questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed and variables associated with self-medication were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model to compute adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The response rate was 59.47% (233/375). More than three-quarters of the participants responded correctly to the query on definition of over-the counter drug. As compared to 46.8% of 1st years, 67.6% of 2nd years had practiced self-medication in the past 6 months. The most common medical condition/symptom for consuming self-medication was for managing the common cold and paracetamol was the most common medication. The risk of developing adverse drug reactions was considered a serious threat after self-medication by around three-quarters of the participants. There was a significant association of self-medication practice among the 2nd years as compared to the 1st years (p=0.009, OR-1.64 (95% CI 1.16–2.31). Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication was high among medical students and there was a greater risk of self-medication among the 2nd years (1.64 times) as compared to the 1st-year students. The study revealed that the students exhibited inadequate knowledge regarding appropriate self-medication. Although they had a positive attitude toward self-medication they commonly engaged in inadequate self-medication practices. Knowledge of medicines obtained for similar previous illnesses and the feeling that there is no need to consult a doctor for minor ailments that were the main reasons for self-medication.
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