Introduction: Convalescent plasma, is the component of blood which contains antibodies and is obtained from people that have recovered from COVID- 19.These antibodies have antiviral properties and may be useful inCOVID 19 patientsIn ourstudy we intend to study the benets of plasma by observing various clinical parameters on patients before and after therapy. If a signicant improvement is seen we can suggest its use in the treatment of COVID-19. Since the current pandemic has taken a toll on millions of lives so far, it is important that we come up with newer treatment methods and also study the importance and relevance of already suggested treatment modalities to improve patient care. Aim : To study the effectiveness ofCOVID- 19 convalescent plasma in the treatment ofCOVID-19 by comparing 28 daymortality and variouslab parameters and clinical improvement of patients that received plasma therapy vs those that did not. Material Method: This is a clinical case control study from September 2020 to May 2021 conducted in Blood Bank, Government Doon Medical College and Hospital, Dehradun. 100 patients suffering with moderate and severeCOVID 19 disease were taken in the study who were transfused with convalescent plasma and 100 control patients were taken who were only given bestsupportive treatment.Various clinical and serological parameterswere studied in the two groups to see its effectiveness on the patientsstatus. Serological parameters included in the study are C- reactive protein, IL-6 and serum Ferritin. Results: On performing chi square test, no signicant difference between plasma and control groupsin the clinical outcome after 28 days both formoderate cases(P=0.261) and severe cases(P=0.191) was found. The overall difference in mortality in the two groups was also not statistically signicant (p=0.415). The mean biochemical lab parameters showed an overall downward trend in both the groups but difference in the improvement was notstatistically signicant except in case of interleukin 6 that improved signicantly in patients that received plasma therapy (p=0.01) Summary: Convalescent Plasma therapy did not show any additional benetinclinicaloutcome,reductionin28daymortality andlabparameterss exceptforIL-6.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a major pandemic of the century and little is known about the impact of maternal infection on placental histopathology. Histopathologic examination of placental tissue can contribute to significant information regarding the pathophysiology of the disease and how it affects the fetal outcome. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Pathology, Government Doon Medical College and Hospital, Dehradun, on the placenta of 50 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive pregnant females confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from August 2020 to October 2020. Fifty term historical placentas were taken as control. Placenta sections were fixed in formalin, processed into paraffin blocks, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain, and visualized for any abnormality. Results: The most prominent histological finding in the placenta of pregnant women affected by COVID-19 was chorangiosis, which is a feature of fetal vascular malperfusion seen in 28 (56%) cases. Other features included maternal vascular malperfusions (MVM) such as villous crowding and agglutination in 12 (24%) cases. Tenney–Parker change was seen in 13 (26%) patients. Intervillous fibrinoid deposition and intervillous hemorrhage were seen in 37 (74%) patients and 7 (14%) patients showed significant calcification. Other findings observed were less common. Conclusion: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 may be associated with a significant impact on fetal and maternal circulation causing features of fetal and maternal malperfusion such as chorangiosis, villous crowding, and agglutination. Indicating that the infection could cause a potential rise in the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes such as intrauterine fetal growth retardation, preterm birth, or stillbirth.

Background: Lung biopsy is crucial in histopathological subtyping and classification. However, making an accurate diagnosis in small biopsies can be challenging. This study was aimed to distinguish and classify lung tumors employing immunohistochemical markers TTF-1(thyroid transcription factor 1), Cytokeratin 5/6, Cytokeratin 20, AE1/3. Subsequently prognostic value of different histological types of lung tumours was established employing Ki-67. Material & Methods: A total of 52 clinically diagnosed cases of lung carcinoma over a period of two years were included in our study. Of these 2 cases were excluded from the study as they showed granulomas on histopathology. All the cases after being diagnosed on H&E were subjected to Immuohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis was done using SPSS for Windows 15.0 program. Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of all these IHC markers was statistically evaluated. Results: Of 29 cases diagnosed as Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on H&E, 26 were CK5/6 positive on IHC. Of 4 cases diagnosed as Primary Adenocarcinoma (ADC) on H&E, 3 were TTF-1 positive. Of 4 cases diagnosed as poorly differentiated carcinoma on H&E, 1 case was diagnosed as SCC and 2 cases as Metastatic ADC on employing IHC markers. Ki-67 was high in 82.8% cases of SCC and in 50% cases of ADC. The sensitivity and specificity of CK5/6 and TTF-1 was 100%, 57.1% and 100%, 96.7% respectively. Conclusion: Employing IHC markers either singly or in a panel is a useful adjunct to morphological features and clinical parameter in the diagnosis and management of lung tumour.

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has challenged the world. A complete blood workup as well as continuous tracking of haematological parameters play a vital role in revealing the risks of disease progression and eventually help in better treatment and outcome. Aim: To access the haematological parameters {Complete Blood Count (CBC), Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Serum Ferritin (S. ferritin) levels} in COVID-19 patients to correlate its association with the severity of the disease. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study in which 200 patients who were confirmed as COVID-19 positive by real time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in the month of July-August 2020 were included. Blood was collected from patients of COVID-19 using the routine methods and was evaluated for CBC and S. ferritin levels. Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) was also calculated. Results: The NLR was positively correlated with severity of COVID-19. Patients with higher NLR levels were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) because of severity in their condition. In the present study, 42 of 47 (89.4%) ICU patients had S. ferritin levels >1000 ng/mL whereas only 8 (5.2%) of non ICU patients had S. ferritin levels >1000 ng/mL. Conclusion: The NLR and S. ferritin positively correlated with the severity of COVID-19 disease.