This study examined the effect of maternal positive parenting attitudes on school adjustment among multi-cultural adolescents in Korea and investigated if multi-cultural adolescents' ego-resiliency mediates the relationship between maternal positive parenting attitudes and school adjustment. We used panel data from the fifth wave (2015) of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS) collected by the National Youth Policy Institute. Participants were 1,297 multi-cultural adolescents (639 boys, 658 girls) who are second-year middle school students and have foreign mothers. SPSS 25.0 performed descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis. The structural equation model (SEM) was estimated with Mplus 5.12. The results of this study were as follows. First, a higher level of maternal positive parenting attitudes were related to higher level of ego-resiliency and school adjustment for multi-cultural adolescents. Second, maternal positive parenting attitudes had an indirect effect on school adjustment for multicultural adolescents via ego-resiliency. The results of this study indicate that maternal positive parenting behaviors would help improve the school adjustment of multi-cultural adolescents by increasing the level of ego-resiliency. In addition, the results of this study suggest that improving ego-resiliency for multi-cultural adolescents can be an effective method to help in school adjustment, as well as education for maternal parenting attitude.

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Objectives: To examine the interaction effect of empathy and effortful control on prosocial behavior among Korean preschoolers. Methods: The participants of this study were 167 (82 boys, 85 girls) 4 and 5-year-olds from preschools in Seoul Province. Prosocial behavior was evaluated based on teachers' reports. The level of empathy was measured by a task in which the children responded to the researcher's questions and effortful control was assessed by behavioral tasks administered by the researcher. The data were preliminarily analyzed by t-tests and Pearson's correlation analyses. The interaction effect of empathy and effortful control was analyzed with the SPSS 24.0 PROCESS MACRO. Results: First, the empathy and effortful control scores of the 5-year-olds were higher than those of the 4-year-olds, whereas there was no age difference in prosocial behavior. Second, in both 4 and 5 year-olds, empathy and effortful control were positively associated with prosocial behavior. Additionally, only for the 5-year-olds, girls demonstrated more prosocial behavior than boys. Third, for explaining the variance in prosocial behavior, there was a main effect of empathy for the 4-year-olds and a main effect of effortful control for the 5-year-olds. Finally, the interaction effect of empathy and effortful control on prosocial behavior was significant only for the 5-year-olds. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that as children grow older, empathy contributes to increased prosocial behavior, especially when the level of effortful control is adequate.

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