The electron-attachment-induced proton transfer in the guanine-cytosine (G:C) base pair is thought to be relevant to the issues of charge transport and radiation damage in DNA. However, our understanding on the reaction mainly comes from the data of isolated bases and base pairs, and the behavior of the reaction in the DNA duplex is not clear. In the present study, the proton-transfer reaction in reduced G:C stacks is investigated by quantum mechanical calculations with the aim to clarify how each environmental factor affects the proton transfer in G:C(*-). The calculations show that while the proton transfer in isolated G:C(*-) is exothermic with a small energetic barrier, it becomes endothermic with a considerably enhanced energetic barrier in G:C stacks. The substantial effect of G:C stacking is proved to originate from the electrostatic interactions between the dipole moments of outer G:C base pairs and the middle G:C(*-) base-pair radical anion; the extent of charge delocalization is very small and plays little role in affecting the proton transfer in G:C(*-). On the basis of the electrostatic model, the sequence dependence of the proton transfer in the ionized G:C base pair is predicted. In addition, the water molecules in the first hydration shell around G:C(*-) display a pronounced effect that facilitates the proton-transfer reaction; further consideration of bulk hydration only slightly lowers the energetic barrier and reaction energy. We also notice that the water arrangement around an embedded G:C(*-) is different from that around an isolated G:C(*-), which could result in a very different solvent effect on the energetics of the proton transfer. In contrast to the important influences of base stacking and hydration, the effects of sugar-phosphate backbone and counterions are found to be minor. Our calculations also reveal that a G:C base pair embedded in DNA is capable of accommodating two excess electrons only in bulk hydration; the resultant G(N1-H)(-):C(N3+H)(-) dianion is stable and exists long enough to lead to DNA damage. The combination of the present results with the previous findings in literature suggests that the behaviors of charge transport and low-energy electron-induced damage in DNA are highly susceptible to the hydration level.

The results of our study suggest that ET alone in hysterectomized postmenopausal women increases the vaginal blood flow and improves some domains of sexual function, but it may not have an impact on diminished sexual desire or activity. Compared with systemic therapy, topical vaginal preparations are found to correlate with better symptom relief despite the lower serum level of estradiol.

A novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent containing Herceptin is reported. The surfaces of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were modified with dextran and conjugated with Herceptin (Herceptin-nanoparticles) to improve their dispersion, magnetization, and targeting of the specific receptors on cells. From analytical results, we found that Herceptin-nanoparticles were well dispersed in solutions of various pH range, and had no hysteresis, high saturation magnetization (80 emu/g), and low cytotoxicity to a variety of cells. Notably, the magnetic resonance enhancements for the different breast cancer cell lines (BT-474, SKBR-3, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7) are proportional to the HER2/neu expression level in vitro. When Herceptin-nanoparticles were administered to mice bearing breast tumor allograft by intravenous injection, the tumor site was detected in T (2)-weighted magnetic resonance images as a 45% enhancement drop, indicating a high level of accumulation of the contrast agent within the tumor sites. Therefore, targeting of cancer cells was observed by in vitro and in vivo MRI studies using Herceptin-nanoparticles contrast agent. In addition, Herceptin-nanoparticles enhancing the magnetic resonance signal intensity were sufficient to detect the cell lines with a low level of HER2/neu expression.

No abstract