Carbamazepine is an anti-epileptic pharmaceuticalcompound which is frequently detected in wastewater. However, this compound is hardly degraded naturally due to its persistency. Thus, carbamazepine presents in water stream and household water supply as well as wastewater treatment plant. This paper focuses on various species of fungi and bacteria used in carbamazepine biodegradation and the carbamazepine degrading-enzymes involved in the degradation pathways. Selected research papers on carbamazepine biodegradation using fungi and bacteria were reviewed. The efficiency and approaches in term of methodologies and technologies used were highlighted in this paper. Such study sheds light on gaps of study and future research direction on carbamazepine biodegradation.

Corrosion process and odor emission concerns caused by H 2 S are a constant focus for many sewage system municipalities, usually from the first day of system operation. This study investigates the effect of several chemicals on prohibition of H 2 S generation in sewage, where reagents were applied either individually or in combinations. Various concentrations of calcium peroxide, calcium hypochlorite, magnesium hydroxide, ferric chloride, and their combination with certain ratios were examined. Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH were measured as the indicators for mitigation of H 2 S. Although both methods (adding chemicals individually or in combination) raised the ORP and pH to the safe range (that is ORP≥50 mV and 8.5≤pH≤9), experiments revealed that designed combination of chemicals resulted in more promising outcomes. The most cost effective combination was an admixture of 2 mg FeCl 3 /L and 2.5 mg Mg(OH) 2 /L with 30 min effective reaction time which could reduce the hydrogen sulfide greater than 95%. This combination is a blend for only 25% of the optimum dosage of these chemicals compared to when they were used individually. As a result, the aforementioned combination saved 12% on chemical costs compared to use of calcium peroxide as the most effective individual chemical.