Isu gelandangan adalah antara fenomena yang mengundang ketidakselesaan kepada sebahagian masyarakat, terutama di bandaraya yang pesat membangun. Kesan urbanisasi yang mengakibatkan ketidakstabilan ekonomi di kalangan masyarakat bandar dikatakan telah menyumbang kepada peningkatan statistik gelandangan di Malaysia. Golongan ini bergelut dalam memastikan kelangsungan hidup mereka akibat kemiskinan dan keterdesakan yang melanda. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk membincangkan isu berkaitan golongan gelandangan dari sudut sosial dan undang undang, bermula daripada definisi, terminologi, undang-undang berkaitan, serta isu penguatkuasaannya. Kajian ini adalah berdasarkan konseptual yang membincangkan isu-isu setempat berkaitan dengan gelandangan dan masyarakat orang papa. Kajian lepas telah digunakan bagi mengenal pasti kajian yang telah dijalankan berkenaan Akta Orang Papa 1977 dari segi terminologi, bidang kuasa, impak sosial dan pengehadan akta. Struktur operasi yang dijalankan oleh Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM) dalam membantu golongan ini juga telah dibincangkan bersama pengehadan akta yang dikaitkan daripada pandangan sosial masyarakat. Kekaburan yang wujud pada Akta Orang Papa 1977 telah memberi kesan kepada keberkesanan penguatkuasan, pengurusan dan pemulihan gelandangan yang dapat dijalankan. Keadaan ini disebabkan oleh ketiadaan pentakrifan yang jelas terhadap konsep gelandangan menerusi akta ini. Maka dengan itu, ia telah memberi impak sosial penguatkuasaan akta, isu berkaitan Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia dan pengehadan Akta Orang Papa 1977 dari sudut sosial masyarakat. Beberapa cadangan bagi menambah baik keadaan yang melibatkan gelandangan seperti pindaan definisi dan penggunaan bidang kuasa telah dibincangkan bagi memastikan golongan ini dilindungi dan produktif dalam kehidupan. ABSTRACT The issue of homelessness is a disturbing phenomenon to communities, especially in fast-growing cities. Apparently, homelessness statistics in Malaysia has risen due to urbanisation, which in turn has led to economic instability among urban residents. Homeless or destitute people struggle to survive due to poverty and despair. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse issues associated with homelessness from a social and legal perspective, beginning with definitions, terminologies, to relevant legislation and enforcement issues. This study is conceptual-based which mainly discuss local issues related to the homeless and destitute community. Previous studies were used to identify studies that had been carried out concerning the Destitute Persons Act 1977 in terms of terminology and jurisdiction including the social impact and limitations of the act. The operational structure of the Department of Social Welfare in assisting these groups are also discussed along with limitations in the relevant legislation from social standpoints. The ambiguity that exists in the Destitute Persons Act 1977 has impacted on the effectiveness of the enforcement and the management and rehabilitation of homeless people. This situation is caused by the absence ofaclear definition oft he concept oft he homeless through this act. Thus, from the social point of view of the community, it has had a social impact on the enforcement of the Destitute Persons Act 1977, issues related to the Federal Constitution of Malaysia as well as limitations of the act. Several recommendations to ameliorate issues regarding homelessness which include modification in its definition and the use of jurisdiction have been proposed to ensure that these people are protected and productive in their effort to secure their livelihood. Keywords: Homeless, Destitute Persons Act 1977, Department of Social Welfare, destitute persons.
Shariah principle is notoriously known as the key feature underlying the function of assets management in Islamic financial institutions. The underlined principle highly requires fund managers to consistently manage the fund portfolio in accordance to a legitimate set of rules. As a result, Islamic mutual fund may have distinguishable characteristics, and more importantly, the fund fees and expenses structure. This article studies the fund characteristics, fees, and expenses structure between conventional and Islamic mutual fund. We also describe how the fees, expenses, and return can be explained by fund characteristics accordingly. A dataset comprises 252 open-end mutual funds in Malaysian industry offered within the period 2008 to 2015 is employed to present empirical evidence. Our results describe a significant difference in fees and expenses structure led by Islamic funds. High diversification explains Islamic funds while strong positive growth is associated with the traditional funds, supporting the relation between fees and expenses and fund performance. The declining trend of fees corroborates the idea of a favourable economies of scale contradictory to the rising expenses structure. Nevertheless, Islamic funds present an excessive fees and expenses in offering high and low quality portfolio management.
Modul Minda Keusahawanan yang telah dibina melibatkan sembilan modul yang telah disampaikan kepada gelandangan bekas banduan. Tujuan pembinaan modul keusahawanan ini adalah bagi memperkenalkan bidang keusahawanan kepada gelandangan bekas banduan agar dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu bidang untuk diceburi. Seramai sembilan orang peserta yang terdiri daripada gelandangan bekas banduan dan tidak mempunyai tempat tinggal dan pekerjaan yang stabil telah dikenal pasti menggunakan kaedah teknik persampelan bertujuan dan bola salji. Modul ini telah dijalankan di Pusat Komuniti Pembelajaran Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur selama tiga hari. Objektif utama bengkel adalah untuk meneroka penerimaan dan kefahaman peserta terhadap modul. Di samping itu, kajian ini turut menyelami pandangan para peserta tentang cabaran yang dihadapi untuk menceburi bidang keusahawanan. Hasil kajian mendapati penerimaan dan kefahaman yang sangat positif terhadap modul ini. Namun demikian, wujud cabaran yang perlu ditempuhi oleh gelandangan bekas banduan yang berminat menceburi dunia keusahawanan. Hasil terakhir kajian ini telah membawa kepada pembinaan model output pengujian dan penilaian Modul Minda Keusahawanan khusus untuk gelandangan bekas banduan. Model output ini memberi gambaran yang menyeluruh tentang input, proses dan output keseluruhan kajian ini. Kajian ini signifikan dalam membentuk minat dan kefahaman dalam kalangan gelandangan bekas banduan untuk berusaha menceburkan diri dalam bidang keusahawanan dalam menjadi insan produktif sekaligus membantu ekonomi mereka dan negara.
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