In South America, especially in the Andean region, many communities are isolated and their development is limited due to the difficulties in communicating with urban areas, because the lack of adequate road infrastructure. Most of this problem is due to economic issues and lack of attention from governments. Moreover, the Guaduaangustifolia Kunth (Guadua-a.) is a bamboo that grows in most of the Americas. This material has a resistance – weight ratio similar to structural steel also presenting additional benefits such as soil stabilization, flow regulation, and a high CO2 fixation rate to the ground. In addition the Guadua-a. growth cycle spans from 3 to 5 years. All of these makes the Guadua-a. in highly renewable material. This paper presents an alternative for the construction of Guadua-a. structural modules for pedestrian bridges, as a solution to the lack of infrastructure in village roads and even in suburban areas. In the proposed model, the bridge would be built by the community in a short time, taking advantage of existing Guadua-a. in the area, and establishing an industrialized cultivation of it, to enable them to have enough material for maintenance and replacement of sections as necessary. A numerical structural analysis was performed to determine the maximum possible span under load specifications from Colombian bridge building code. The results shows that a bridge up to 21m of span can be constructed using the module. The span can be increased drastically when the module is combined with wire-cable or an arc shaped configuration, however, the module was assessed to be used in straight truss bridges because this setting carries the largest loads on the elements. Real scale load tests were conducted on a full scale physical model of the module, the structural elements and the connection between the modules.
In Colombia, as in other developing regions, social housing shortage related problems has led local authorities to propose low cost housing projects that allow its quickly and easy construction. Among the requirements of this type of construction are solicitations for vertical and lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake forces, as well as the sustainable use of natural resources Considering this, the use of Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Guadua a.) as a structural material has awaken a great interest, considering its renewability, high-speed growth, ecological benefits and because is easily obtainable all across the country. Due to the lack of additional information, structural joints in this type of materials, are usually pinned, assuming that there is no moment transmission between the different elements, however, some types of connections can partially restrict the rotation in the supports. Additionally, the degree of constrain that any support can provide to the column is a variable that has not been studied enough, despite being essential for modeling and structural design.In this work a connection between a column of Guadua a. and its foundation was studied. The influence of each component on the connection behavior under horizontal loads was assessed, testing seven different configurations. Monotonic and dynamic testing of connections as well as the characterization of the materials used in its construction were included in the experimental schedule. It was determined that the presence of mortar grouting together with the use of longitudinal bolts slightly increases the connection strength as drastically reduce its ductility. The use of transversal bolts is the best alternative to obtain a strong, stiff and ductile connection, especially when are combined with the use of hoops.
En el presente manual se especifican los requisitos mínimos y las pautas que se deben tener en cuenta para la construcción de puentes peatonales modulares en Guadua angustifolia Kunth. El modelo de puente aquí propuesto es resultado de una validación técnica y experimental, que culminó con la prueba de carga de un prototipo a escala real. La propuesta se limita a la sucesión de hasta 5 módulos para salvar luces de máximo 25 metros. El libro, dirigido a estudiantes y profesionales del sector de infraestructura vial, pero especialmente a comunidades rurales que requieran implementar soluciones como la planteada, incluye la lista de los materiales y las herramientas necesarias para el proceso constructivo; además, describe el proceso de unión o armado de las piezas que componen un módulo, así como del ensamblaje de los módulos. Por último, se propone una solución concerniente a la cubierta del puente con la finalidad de dar mayor funcionalidad a la estructura y al usuario frente a condiciones climáticas adversas.
Mejorar la calidad de vida de la población colombiana implica indiscutiblemente que ello se lleve a cabo en gran parte de las zonas rurales, donde las condiciones en materia de vivienda e infraestructura de comunicación están aún por intervenir. Desde la academia se aporta a la problemática al investigar en la utilización de materiales regionales y de fácil asequibilidad, como es la guadua Angustifolia kunth, para el diseño y construcción de unidades modulares de un puente peatonal que, por su fácil consecución en determinadas zonas del país, relativo bajo costo y práctica manipulación, facilita la construcción del módulo de puente en un tiempo relativamente bajo y con la participación de mano de obra comunitaria.
Esta obra fue concebida a partir de la experiencia de los autores al impartir la materia Diseño de Concreto. Se presenta como una recopilación de los apuntes de clase de uno de los temas que hacen parte de dicha asignatura. El método elástico, método de los esfuerzos permisibles o admisibles, método de las cargas de servicio o método ASD, por su nombre en inglés (Allowable Stresses Design), fue ampliamente usado para el diseño de concreto reforzado durante el siglo XX. Este parte de suponer que el concreto simple y el acero de refuerzo son homogéneos e isótropos y presentan un comportamiento elástico durante la aplicación de las acciones al elemento. Aunque el ASD es un método que empezó a perder su popularidad a mediados de los años sesenta, es importante comprender sus fundamentos y su aplicación, teniendo en cuenta que el Reglamento Colombiano de Construcción Sismo Resistente NSR-10 (2010) permite su uso como método alternativo de diseño en estructuras de concreto reforzado e, incluso, establece su aplicación en el diseño de otros materiales, como la madera y la guadua. Por otra parte, facilita entender cómo se diseñaron muchas estructuras con más de cincuenta años de existencia a través de este método.
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