<p>Benthic foraminifera (BF) typically constitute around 50% of the eukaryotic biomass of seafloor environments and are excellent recorders of bottom water environmental and geochemical changes in the past. In the last 27.000 years, major climatic oscillations including the Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), Bølling–Allerød (B-A) and Younger Dryas (YD) shaped the climate of a big part of the northern hemisphere. Although the response of the ocean surface to these events is well documented, information about the response of benthic ecosystems is still limited.</p><p>To better understand how BF responded to major climatic shifts in the last 27.000 years, we analyzed the benthic foraminifera content from core GeoB9512-5 (15°29.90'N/17°56.88'W, 793 m water depth) off NW Africa. Our high-resolution sediment record covers the last 27.000 years of the eastern North Atlantic, including the Heinrich Stadial 2 (HS2), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), HS1, B-A and YD.</p><p>Taxonomic and quantitative analyses were used to reconstruct changes in bottom water oxygenation and organic matter fluxes and show that BF assemblages shifted in coincidence with the major climatic periods documented for the North Atlantic. After the LGM, Bottom water salinity, oxygenation and quantity/quality of organic matter played a major role in BF distribution and are linked to transient changes in BF diversity in the last 27.000 years.</p><p>The LGM showed no major diversity changes for thousands of years, while BF distribution shifted rapidly during HS1, B-A and YD. Low-diversity intervals during the HS1, B-A and the last 6.000 years are typically dominated by stress species in times of oxygen decrease and high organic matter content at bottom waters. These short intervals (typically lasting 500-1300 years) are commonly intercalated by low-duration high-diversity periods, associated with higher bottom water oxygenation and relatively lower organic matter content. Additionally, relatively abundant porcelaneous BF during HS1, LGM and HS1 indicate relatively higher salinity than the observed in the last 14.000 years.</p><p>Our results show that BF at intermediate depths at the NE Atlantic off NW Africa are strongly influenced by changes in bottom water paleoenvironmental conditions potentially linked to major climatic events. Bottom water oxygenation played a major role in BF diversity, observed by alternating low-diversity periods in times of low oxic conditions and high-diversity intervals in high oxic bottom waters. At the same time, bottom water salinity favored porcelaneous BF distribution during LGM and HS1 times and increasing hyaline-calcareous BF show decreased salinity in this part of the NE Atlantic after the end of the HS1.</p>

<p>Earth’s climate during the Neogene period changed in several steps from a planet with unipolar ice sheets to today’s bipolar configuration. Yet, time-continuous and well-preserved sedimentary archives from this time interval are scarce. This is especially true for those records that can be used for tracing the role of astronomical climate forcing. Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 752 was drilled on Broken Ridge (Indian Ocean) and provides a time-continuous sedimentation history since the early Miocene in its upper portion.  To date, no astronomical-scale paleoclimate research has been conducted on this legacy ODP site. Here, we use X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning data and benthic foraminifera (BF) taxonomic and quantitative analyses to reconstruct the paleoceanographic changes in the Indian Ocean since 23 Ma. Productivity-related elements from the XRF dataset, show higher productivity during the early Miocene and late Pliocene/early Pleistocene. Moreover, we found strong 405-kyr and ~110-kyr eccentricity imprints in the spectral analysis result of this XRF-derived paleoproductivity proxy. Although the precession signal is also quite remarkable in the spectral analysis results, the 4-cm resolution may not be adequate to further test the precession contribution. Bottom water oxygenation reconstructed using BF, suggest no oxygen minimum zone conditions for the late Miocene on site 752. Dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOC) indicate low oxic conditions (⁓ 2 ml/L) during this time, and relatively low stress species distribution (< 32%) along with abundant oxic species like <em>H. boueana, C. mundulus, L. pauperata </em>and<em> Gyroidinoides</em> spp. suggest predominantly high oxic conditions during the late Miocene (DOC > 2 ml/L). Meanwhile, the grain size (> 425µm) record shows an increasing trend at ~5 Ma, which indicates more current winnowing. Therefore, we argue that the drop in Mn is the result of the increase in the current winnowing, instead of the OMZ expansion. On the other hand, high-amplitude changes in Fe content from the lower Miocene to the middle Miocene, cannot be explained by eolian input, suggesting the source might be the neighbor-distanced Amsterdam-St. Paul hot spot. The source of Fe might be the neighbor-distanced Amsterdam-St. Paul hot spot. We conclude that the legacy ODP Site 752 constitutes an excellent paleoceanographic archive that allows us to reconstruct Indian Ocean dynamics since the early Miocene. New drillings on Broken Ridge with state-of-the-art scientific ocean drilling techniques will provide more detailed information and be highly beneficial for paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic research.</p>

Increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gases have made radiative forcing and ocean heat uptake the main controls of global climate and global sea-level rise (Marshall & Zanna, 2014). Since 1950, 80%-90% of the excess heat that accumulated in the Earth System was absorbed by the ocean through heat uptake (

<p>GeoLatinas is a member-driven organization that inspires, embraces and empowers Latinas to thrive in Earth and Planetary Sciences (E&PS) by creating initiatives to address and overcome career progression barriers for the representation of the Latin American community. The GeoLatinas’ <strong>Voice your needs </strong>survey, conducted in English and Spanish, showed in 2020 that many respondents in our community (42%) found language barrier as one of the most pressing issues.</p><p>Perceiving English as the main communication language in the science community creates a barrier for non-native English speakers, hindering their inclusion and representation. Bilingual education in Latin American schools is uncommon. The high cost of learning and obtaining proof of English proficiency, results in limited access to higher education. The English barrier is also a challenge when publishing in indexed journals or presenting research at international events. Consequently, education and employment opportunities for aspiring scientists and professionals decrease. </p><p>GeoLatinas transforms the language barrier into an opportunity by communicating in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, thus contributing to a diverse E&PS community. Specifically, we continuously develop strategies to overcome language-related issues like: (1) English as a requirement for inclusion and recognition in the science community; (2) lack of access to opportunities for Non-English speaking experts and non-experts; and (3) limited recognition of Latin American scientists’ work.</p><p>Initiatives addressing the first issue include <strong><em>Conversando con GeoLatinas</em></strong><em> </em>(Chatting with GeoLatinas), a space to improve English and Spanish conversational skills; <strong>Dry Runs & Peer Review</strong><em>,</em> a comprehensive database of native English, Spanish and Portuguese-speaking reviewers, allowing members to receive feedback on written and oral pieces; and <strong>GeoSeminars,</strong> where leaders of <em>GeoLatinas por Mexico</em> host presentations in Spanish and English, with diverse experts sharing their knowledge with a broader community online. Lastly, collaborations with <em>Nature Reviews Earth and Environment</em> help our members publish short scientific articles in English, and Spanish or Portuguese.</p><p>Regarding the second issue, the <strong>GeoLatinas Blog</strong> gives members and invited experts a platform to share their research and thoughts on diverse topics in blogs available in our three languages. In addition, GeoLatinas has fostered partnerships for specific translations to Spanish, such as Eos.org short science articles (with science communication production entity <em>Planeteando</em>); and also to English, like the booklet <em>GEAS: Women who study the Earth</em> (with the ENGIE project).</p><p>Confronting the third issue, the GeoLatinas’ social-media based initiative <strong>Friday Feature in Geo</strong> has broadcasted over 160 profiles highlighting the work and contributions of Latinas in E&PS across all career stages. Together with the<strong> GeoLatinas around the world</strong> podcast in Spanish and Portuguese, we inspire and inform new generations, sharing funding opportunities and experiences from latinx scholars.</p><p>As a multicultural organization, we see strength in our differences and leverage them diversifying the E&PS. Together, we nurture our multilingual communication skills and use them as high-value traits for the scientific community. By embracing our heritage and communicating science in our native languages, GeoLatinas brings down the language barrier, democratizes science communication and increases Latin American representation in science.</p>

<p>Substantial differences in academia and industry’s working culture create challenges in establishing collaborations and raise obstacles for professionals transitioning across sectors. For minoritised groups and young generations in Latin America, the absence of role models in leadership positions, language barriers, lack of staff retention, gender discrimination and non-inclusive working spaces result in an even more challenging environment. </p><p>In light of current and historical social challenges that our demographics and other marginalised groups face, GeoLatinas’ visionary purpose offers a platform to empower Latinas in Earth and Planetary sciences. Our community intends to create an inclusive, safe space for students, scientists and professionals from different backgrounds to converge. Since its foundation in 2018, GeoLatinas has established synergies between academia and industry by actively encouraging participation with other organisations and professional associations, and among its members. The intentional balance between academia and industry’s perspectives —as reflected in our circular organisational structure— has allowed GeoLatinas to effectively embrace professionals at different career stages. As a result, we have built a community to share experiences, personal successes, challenges, and coping mechanisms. We aim to mitigate barriers that prevent the successful transition between sectors by developing and implementing initiatives. In this way, we strengthen connections in our network and our community, focusing on key best practices and innovative actions for change. </p><p>At GeoLatinas, we focus on <em>nurturing</em>, <em>promoting </em>and <em>fostering </em>leadership, teamwork, and collaboration in our members to thrive in academia and industry. Our organisation provides visibility and access to role models around the world. They represent a wide spectrum of knowledge, experience and background, offering students and professionals a platform to strengthen their skills in a safe environment. During a <em>nurturing phase</em>, GeoLatinas stimulates members’ accountability and individual efforts through the creation and proactive management of local teams and initiatives. Their implementation leads to the <em>promoting</em> <em>phase</em>, where we motivate representation and leadership by recognising and broadcasting our community’s accomplishments worldwide in the <strong>GeoLatinas Newsletter</strong> and <strong>social media</strong> channels. Initiatives focused on career development, like our <strong>Mentoring</strong> programme and the <strong>PERLA (Professional exchange for Resilience, Leadership and Advancement)</strong> initiative, facilitate direct communication of professionals working in academia and industry with our members. These actions create exposure and awareness of real-world barriers faced in both sectors, providing strategies to address them. As a result, our leaders thrive in project management, delegation, negotiation or collaborative teaching, applicable in every professional environment. Other initiatives, like our <strong>Scholarship & Jobs database</strong> gather data that our members use to find academic and industry positions, while our <strong>Dry Runs & Peer Review</strong> subcommittee provides members with feedback on, for example, their application process. Finally, in a <em>fostering phase</em>, a collaborative culture allows us to put our gained skills and outputs from the GeoLatinas’ initiatives at the service of the broader scientific community, leading to the emergence of new role models.</p><p>GeoLatinas intentional efforts have proven that nurturing, promoting and fostering members in impactful platforms can lead to career advances to stimulate collaborations and support career transitions within our community, bringing academia and industry closer.</p>