BackgroundAcupuncture has a history of traditional use in China for women's health conditions including premenstrual syndrome (PMS), but its e ectiveness for this condition remains unclear. This review examined the available evidence supporting the use of acupuncture or acupressure to treat PMS. ObjectivesTo evaluate the e ectiveness and safety of acupuncture or acupressure for women with PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Studies Online (CENTRAL CRSO), MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, PsycINFO, CINAHL (from inception to 21 September 2017), two clinical trial databases (from their inception to 21 September 2017), and four electronic databases in China (from their inception to 15 October 2017): Chinese Biomedical Literature database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP information/ Chinese Scientific Journals database and WANFANG. Reference lists from included articles were handsearched. Selection criteriaWe included studies if they randomised women with PMS and associated disorders (PMDD and late luteal phase dysphoric disorder/ LPDD) to receive acupuncture or acupressure versus sham, usual care/waiting-list control or pharmaceutical interventions mentioned by the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD). If acupuncture or acupressure were combined with another therapy, these studies were also included where the additional therapy was the same in both groups. Cross-over studies were eligible for inclusion, but only data from the first phase could be used. Data collection and analysisTwo review authors independently selected the studies, assessed eligible studies for risk of bias, and extracted data from each study. Study authors were contacted for missing information. The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Our primary outcomes were overall premenstrual symptoms and adverse events. Secondary outcomes included specific PMS symptoms, response rate and quality of life. Main resultsFive trials (277 women) were included in this review. No trials compared acupuncture or acupressure versus other active treatments. The number of treatment sessions ranged from seven to 28. The quality of the evidence ranged from low to very low quality, the main limitations being imprecision due to small sample sizes and risk of bias related to detection bias and selective reporting.

Background: Gene–environment interactions contribute to schizophrenia aetiology. Neuregulin 1 is a well-established genetic risk factor for schizophrenia, and elevated expression of type III neuregulin 1 mRNA in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is observed in patients with a core risk haplotype. A mouse model of type III Nrg1 overexpression ( Nrg1 III tg) possesses face and construct validity for schizophrenia; however, the sensitivity of these transgenic mice to environmental risk factors relevant to schizophrenia is unknown. Aims: To determine sensitivity of Nrg1 III tg mice to the psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) in schizophrenia and addiction-relevant behavioural tests. Methods: We examined behavioural responses of adult male and female Nrg1 III tg mice METH (1–3 mg/kg) in schizophrenia-relevant paradigms (drug-induced locomotion, sensorimotor gating) and drug reward (conditioned place preference). Results: Male Nrg1 III tg mice were less sensitive to METH-induced stereotypies, yet showed a greater negative impact of METH on prepulse inhibition compared with wild type-like males. In contrast, female Nrg1 III tg mice were less sensitive to METH-induced locomotion than wild type-like females, while sensorimotor gating was similarly impaired by METH between the genotypes. There were no genotype differences for METH reward, or anxiety-like and exploratory behaviours. Conclusions: These results indicate that overexpression of Nrg1 type III modulates schizophrenia-relevant behaviours, and may help to explain increased sensitivity to the psychoactive effects of METH in patients with schizophrenia.