A number of organizations recommend that advanced resistance training (RT) techniques can be implemented with children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Olympic-style weightlifting (OWL), plyometrics, and traditional RT programs with children. Sixty-three children (10-12 years) were randomly allocated to a 12-week control OWL, plyometric, or traditional RT program. Pre- and post-training tests included body mass index (BMI), sum of skinfolds, countermovement jump (CMJ), horizontal jump, balance, 5- and 20-m sprint times, isokinetic force and power at 60 and 300° · s(-1). Magnitude-based inferences were used to analyze the likelihood of an effect having a standardized (Cohen's) effect size exceeding 0.20. All interventions were generally superior to the control group. Olympic weightlifting was >80% likely to provide substantially better improvements than plyometric training for CMJ, horizontal jump, and 5- and 20-m sprint times, whereas >75% likely to substantially exceed traditional RT for balance and isokinetic power at 300° · s(-1). Plyometric training was >78% likely to elicit substantially better training adaptations than traditional RT for balance, isokinetic force at 60 and 300° · s(-1), isokinetic power at 300° · s(-1), and 5- and 20-m sprints. Traditional RT only exceeded plyometric training for BMI and isokinetic power at 60° · s(-1). Hence, OWL and plyometrics can provide similar or greater performance adaptations for children. It is recommended that any of the 3 training modalities can be implemented under professional supervision with proper training progressions to enhance training adaptations in children.

The purpose of our study was to find out the results of a training program based on the Olympic exercises (weightlifting), on the performance of strength and power in high-level table tennis players. Thirty elite table tennis players (age 18.05 ± 1.04 years) were randomly divided into a control group (CG; n = 15) and an experimental group (WRTG; n = 15). The last group followed a weightlifting training program for 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week during the competitive period. As for the control group, he pursued classical table tennis training. Before and after the 6-week training program, all players have conducted tests on sprint distance of 5 m, the vertical jump (squat jump and countermovement jump), strength hand grip, throwing medicine Ball, the 1-RM bench press and 1-RM 1/2 squat test. A slight raise in the 1-RM maximum strength of upper and lower limbs (respectively p < 0.05; 7.87 kg or 8.29% and p < 0.04; +10.7 kilograms or 17.75%) for the WRTG compared to CG this evolution was followed by an obvious changes in strength hand grip at the EG compared to CG (p < 0.01; 4.6 kg or 13.54% of development). According to the outcomes of our study, we can declare that a strength training program during three sessions per week during the competitive period, can lead to a developed strength in the maximum lower limb, the and vertical jump among the elite table tennis players. The identification such as results could be considered a reliable device for coaches and technicians concerned to develop the performance of their table tennis players.

Our study comes in keeping with the impetus of the works that brought out the significant effects of the APSA practice on the global self-esteem and on the perceived physical value by the Spinal and Cord injured (Dias, Gerrnigon, & Ninot, 2009). It proposes, in a comparative perspective, to assess the effect of the practice of an individual sport versus a team sport on auditory, temporal, spatial and perceptual abilities as well as on the self-esteem in motor disabled persons. In other words, can these perceptual abilities and the self-esteem be regarded as acquirable skills among the motor disabled? The sample of our study consists of 112 able-bodied and tetraplegic subjects, and all of them are males, aged 18 -24 years (M = 19.97) and divided into 5 groups: 4 experimental groups (N1: 18 motor disabled basketball players; N2: 23 motor disabled athletes; N3: 20 able-bodied basketball players; and N4: 20 able-bodied athletes) and a sample group (NT = 31). 3 tests measured the auditory perception (Legent, Bordure, Calais, & Malard, 2002), the time perception (Parlebas, 1986) and finally the space perception (Nyabenda, Briart, Deggouj, & Gersdorff, 2003). As for the self-esteem, it was measured by a PSD Questionnaire (Marsh & Yeung, 1998). It appears that the practice of team sport contributes more to the development of the auditory perception among the motor disabled persons. The difference between groups of motor disabled basketball players and motor disabled athletes was very significant. Test results in the perception of time and distance show a significant difference in favour of the motor disabled practitioners compared to the motor disabled practitioners. Moreover, the practice of a team or of an individual sport contributes more efficiently to 320the development of these two perceptual abilities, especially in the athletes with motor disability. Finally, the self-esteem is higher among the basketball players with motor disability. This study proposes an interesting hypothesis action to the sport interveners since it demonstrates that the practice of sport, as a socio-motor game, contributes to a better development of the self-esteem than as a psychomotor game among subjects with motor disability.

This study tries to explore the major obstacles that restrain the idea tough management in soccer clubs and company in Dubai, United Arab Emirates by means of descriptive approaches, namely: surveys and explanatory studies. The used sample, intentionally volunteered, was selected from 8 football sport's clubs and companies from Dubai in United Arab Emirates. 1046 people volunteered among technical and management team and also from the board members of the clubs. Data were collected and analyzed using following methods: analyzing previous studies and literature works and questionnaire and personal. The outcomes of the research demonstrated the absence of vision, the ambiguity of the mission and lack of clarity in pursuing the clubs goals as well as the urgent need of planning training plan for the majority the employees.