Understanding the factors that give rise to tau aggregation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the key aspect in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Microtubule (MT) binding repeats of tau protein were suggested to play a critical role in tau aggregation. Here, we show that the interaction of Cu 2+ with full-length MT binding repeats R1–R4 leads to the aggregation, and a Cys-based redox chemistry is critically involved in tau aggregation leading to disulfide-bridge dimerization of R2 and R3 and further aggregation into a fibrillar structure. Notably, ascorbate and glutathione, the most abundant antioxidants in neurons, cannot prevent the effect of Cu 2+ on R2 and R3 aggregation. Detailed ESI-MS and NMR experiments demonstrate the interaction of Cu 2+ with MT binding repeats. We show that redox activity of copper increases when bound to the MT repeats leading to ROS formation, which significantly contribute to cellular damage and neuron death. Results presented here provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of tau aggregation and ROS formation and suggest a new target domain for tau aggregation inhibitors.

A cell-based biomimetic delivery system characterized by its “Trojan horse” property is developed, in which the PDA-Ce6 nanoparticles were loaded in the MSCs for tumor-targeted delivery and combination PDT/PTT for retarding lung melanoma metastasis.