Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a routinely performed surgery nowadays. However, it is associated with certain complications. Gall bladder perforation during the procedure can result in spilled and lost gallstones. Lost gallstones most commonly cause intra-abdominal infection. However, very rarely, they can be associated with troublesome retroperitoneal abscess formation. We present a case where a lost gallstone caused a retroperitoneal abscess formation and was retrieved from a back abscess in the right paraspinal region.
Objective
To determine the risk of disease progression and conversion to active treatment following a negative biopsy while on active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer (PCa).
Patients and Methods
Men on an AS programme at a single tertiary hospital (London, UK) between 2003 and 2018 with confirmed low–intermediate‐risk PCa, Gleason Grade Group <3, clinical stage 30% positive cores, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Likert score >3/T3 or PSA level of >20 ng/mL. Conversion to treatment included radical or hormonal treatment.
Results
Among the 460 eligible patients, 23% had negative follow‐up biopsy findings. The median follow‐up was 62 months, with one to two repeat biopsies and two MRIs per patient during that period. Negative biopsy findings at first repeat biopsy were associated with decreased risk of converting to active treatment (hazard ration [HR] 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09–0.37; P < 0.001), suspicion of disease progression (HR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34–0.94; P = 0.029), and upgrading (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23–0.99; P = 0.047). Data are limited by fewer men with multiple follow‐up biopsies.
Conclusion
A negative biopsy finding at the first scheduled follow‐up biopsy among men on AS for PCa was strongly associated with decreased risk of subsequent upgrading, clinical or radiological suspicion of disease progression, and conversion to active treatment. A less intense surveillance protocol should be considered for this cohort of patients.
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