Aim: To identify the prevalence of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis. Study design: Prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Pakistan Railways Hospital, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from 1st April 2021 to 30th September 2021. Methodology: Fifty conjunctivitis patients enrolled within age of 14-29 years. Clinical examination, slit lamp test and lab testing separated cases as viral or bacterial conjunctivitis. Polymerase chain reaction post culturing was sued in viral conjunctivitis cases while Kirby-Baur disc diffusion assay was sued in bacterial conjunctivitis confirmation. Results: There were 91.17% patients with viral conjunctivitis in age of 24-29 years and 62.5% patients with bacterial conjunctivitis within 14-18 years. The odds ratio value between the male and female gender showed a significant difference between both genders with 95% confidence interval with higher female frequency in both. Coronavirus cases were highest with 52.9% while cases of Micrococciwere highest as 37.5% with conjunctivitis. Conclusion: Viral conjunctivitis was more common in general cases due to recent covid-19 infection followed by Micrococci bacterial conjunctivitis. Keywords: Allergic conjunctivitis; Bacterial conjunctivitis; Children; Vision Impairment

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Aim: To determine the frequency of hyperopia in children between 5 and 15 years of age. Study Design: Cross sectional study Setting and Duration of Study: Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital Rawalpindi between March 2015 to September 2015 Methodology: 150 children between the ages of 5-15 years were included in the study. All children with eye disorders like corneal opacity, retinoblastoma, cataracts, amblyopia, chronic metabolic disorders, and hemoglobinopathies were excluded from the study. The participants were assessed for visual acuity was checked through a LogMAR visual acuity assessment chart for each eye. Those who found to have decreased visual acuity their pin-hole visual acuity was determined and then they got thorough examination by slit lamp biomicroscopy and fundoscopy to rule out causes of decreased vision other than refractive errors. Results: A mean (SD) age of 8.57 (2.52) years with 106 (70.76%) children between 5-10 years and 44 (29.33%) were between 11-15 years of age. Males were predominant in our study with 90/150 (60%) male patients and 60 (40%) female population. The frequency of hyperopia I our study was 93 (62%). Out of 60 female patients, 35 (58.33%) had hyperopia whereas, out of the 90 male patients, 58 (64.4%) patients had hyperopia. Conclusion: We reported that hyperopia is a very frequent refractive disorder found in children. Male are more frequently diagnosed with the disorder between the ages of 5-10 years. Further large-scale cohorts should be conducted to determine the correlating factors that increase the risk of hyperopia and prognosis. Keywords: hyperopia, refractive disorders, strabismus, emmetropia, ocular examination, visual acuity

Purpose:  To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) during 12 hour day-time phasing with one-time supine position IOP. Study Design:  Prospective, observational. Place and Duration of Study:  Glaucoma clinic of a tertiary eye – care center in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from September 2020 to February 2021. Methods:  Forty two eyes of 21 participants with primary open angle and normal tension glaucoma were included in the study by convenient sampling technique. Three hourly diurnal Applanation tonometry was performed in sitting position from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm. Mean IOP and standard deviations were calculated. One-time supine position IOP was taken by Perkins tonometer at 9:10 pm. Mean IOP at 9:00 pm in sitting position was compared with the mean IOP in supine position. Results:  There were 15 males (71.42%) and 6 females (28.58%) in the study. Means of sitting position IOP during different times of the day ranged between 16.64 and 18.16 mmHg. The mean of IOP measured at 9:00am, 12:00 pm, 3:00 pm, 6:00 pm and 9:00 pm was 17.62 ± 4.04 mmHg. Mean supine position IOP at 9:10 pm was 22.38 ± 5.92 mmHg. Mean difference between supine and sitting position IOP was 4.75 ± 3.65 mmHg. This was statistically significant p-0.001.Direct comparison between sitting and supine IOP at 9:00 pm and 9:10 pm revealed the values to be 17.88 and 22.38 mmHg respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion:  One-time supine position IOP gives a higher value than any one – time of IOP recorded during 12-hour diurnal phasing performed in sitting position. Key Words:  Intra ocular pressure, diurnal phasing, Primary open angle glaucoma, Normal tension glaucoma.

Aim: To find the association of conjunctivitis through microflora in optical lenses users. Study design: Cross sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Ophthalmology, Pakistan Railways Hospital, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: Forty patients were enrolled. Patient’s clinical symptoms, features were examined for conjunctivitis and slit lamp examination was also followed. Swab cultures from optical lenses were taken for conducting various agar v=based cultures for identifying microorganisms presence. Results: There were more males than females with mean age were 25±4.5 years. Clinical examination presented dryness in eyes as highest percentage. The anti-microbial sensitivity showed highest susceptibility pattern for resistance of ampicillin. Various bacterial types showed that highest frequency of Micrococci as 47.5%. Conclusion: A Robust association of conjunctivitis through microflora was found optical lenses users. Key words: Hygiene practices; Microflora; Optical lens users; Conjunctivitis