A unique aspect of montane birds is the elevational stratification they show in their distribution, but in the Himalayas, a subset of the species show elevational migration, making bird communities on these mountains especially dynamic. Thus, understanding the elevational distribution and movement of species across seasons is important to fully understand broad-scale community patterns. In this study, we compile a comprehensive checklist of birds along a 2,300 m Hima­layan elevational gradient in the Amrutganga Valley, Kedarnath Wildlife Division, Uttarakhand, India. We recorded 244 species including 34 species new for the area and two new species for the state. Most importantly, we describe the elevational distribution of more than a 200 species and the dates of first sighting for several summer migrants in the season. We also studied changes in species richness and turnover at multiple elevations across seasons. We hope that this study provides a baseline for future research on elevational distribution of birds in the Western Himalayas.

Nowadays Customer segmentation became very popular method for dividing company’s customers for retaining customers and making profit out of them, in the following study customers of different of organizations are classified on the basis of their behavioral characteristics such as spending and income, by taking behavioral aspects into consideration makes these methods an efficient one as compares to others. For this classification a machine algorithm named as k-means clustering algorithm is used and based on the behavioral characteristic’s customers are classified. Formed clusters help the company to target individual customer and advertise the content to them through marketing campaign and social media sites which they are really interested in.

Quantitative field data on sexual dimorphism is scant for most bird species. In this first field study of a western Himalayan population of Green-backed Tits ( Parus monticolus), we demonstrate that breast stripe width is a dimorphic trait that is a reliable measure to sex this species in the wild. Based on our ability to sex the birds in hand, we describe the sexual dimorphism in eco-morphological variables in our study population. Sexual dimorphism in beak morphology changed from winter to summer due to males having shorter beaks (4.5%) in summer; however, there was little change in female beak measurements. Our study on this Himalayan congener of a widely studied European species can be used to inform studies of the evolutionary ecology of morphological traits in closely-related species inhabiting vastly different habitats.

No abstract