Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common, aggressive, fast-growing tumor of the central nervous system that currently has no effective treatment. Although stem cell therapy has shown promising in vitro achievements, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has always been a major hurdle to clinical success. To overcome this challenge, exosomes have been targeted as attractive drug delivery agents in numerous studies since they are small enough to enter the BBB. Furthermore, exosomes' characteristics and compositions are directly determined by the parent cell and these heritable traits affect their cell interactions. This article focuses on exosomes as an alternative to stem cell therapy to regulate glioma cell activity. Exosomes were isolated from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) by ultracentrifugation method and then characterized via western blot, dynamic light scattering, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Next, various concentrations of the exosomes were incubated with C6 cells and their effects at different time points were evaluated in vitro. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide and Annexin/Pi assay results confirmed that the isolated exosomes cause cell death mostly through apoptosis, and a linear correlation was observed between exosomes' concentration and their cytotoxicity.Following that, the scratch test, colony formation test, and Transwell assay confirmed exosomes' significant impact on the migration and invasion behavior of C6 cells. For the first time, rBMMSC-derived exosomes have been used as a single treatment for GBM rather than in combination with other treatments or as a pharmaceutical carrier.cancer, central nervous system, exosomes, glioblastoma multiforme, mesenchymal stem cells | INTRODUCTIONGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a heterogeneous disease both pathologically and clinically, which is associated with a poor prognosis due to its invasiveness and resistance to therapy (Fernandes et al., 2019;H. J. Kim et al., 2021). Additionally, the inability to determine the origin of cancer cells has always been the main hindrance to further understanding of the nature of GBM, and the development of alternative treatments. Although their origination is not precisely known, researchers have made an assumption that

Introduction Bifid rib as pathoanatomical findings on chest X-ray is a skeletal disorder. It is usually unilateral and commonly found in males. Bifid ribs commonly happen in absence of structural defects of the vertebrae. Presentation of case The case of this report is a 65-year-old with severe infection of Covid 19. He was admitted to the ICU. Imaging findings indicate existence of a bifid rib with vertebral fusion. Discussion Bifurcated ribs usually have been described without vertebral defects. In our case, there is a bifurcated rib with fused vertebrae. These defects are also defined in the criteria of Gorlin syndrome. Conclusion Unlike other rib abnormalities, the bifid rib occurs mainly in the absence of a vertebral defect, but this study reports a bifid rib with vertebral defects.