Chromogenic agar media are increasingly being used as versatile tools in early differentiation and identification of Gram positive and Gram negative isolates from clinical specimens. We have evaluated the chromogenic medium as it’s use reduces the burden of biochemical characterization and reduces the workload for identification of bacteria. This study included 400 consecutively collected midstream and/or catheter-catch urine samples obtained from patients attending the hospital out patient department (OPD) and also from patients admitted in BSMMU hospital. They were inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey agar, cystine lactose, electrolyte deficient media and chromogenic agar plate for isolation of uropathogen. Out of 400 urine samples tested, 154 (38.5%) yielded significant growth of single organism and 16 (4%) yielded mixed growth. No growth was observed in 230 (57.5%) cases. The chromogenic agar media allowed the growth and primary identification in 171 (92.5%) strains out of 186 strains. The predominant uropathogens were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. Enterococcus spp. and Eneterobacter spp. (KES group). The different coloured colonies produced by the breakdown of the chromogenic substrate by the specific enzymes of the bacteria were very useful in the presumptive identification of these organisms even from polymicrobial cultures by the color differences of the colonies. The medium also supported growth and differentiation of Gram positive organisms like Staphylococcus and Enterococci. Chromogenic agar media can be used as primary culture medium for isolation and identification of predominant uropathogens like E.coli, KES group and Enterococci. It is an easy to use primary screening medium that considerably reduces the daily workload and thus minimizes or limits the use of identification tests. Key words: Chromogenic agar medium, KES, CLED media, UTI DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v4i1.8464 BJMM 2011; 4(1): 18-23

Bacterial vaginosis is the commonest cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age and require laboratory test for diagnosis . A total 200 women aged 15-45 years with history of abnormal vaginal discharge were included as study population. Fifty women without such history of discharge were taken as healthy control. Three vaginal swab samples were taken from each case and control. These swab samples were subjected to test by conventional methods such as Amsel clinical criteria, Gram stain Nugent method, culture and by newly developed BV Blue test. The results of the BVBlue test were compared with these methods to find out the efficacy of BVBlue test. Rate of detection of bacterial vaginosis (BV) cases was 21.5% by Amsel clinical criteria, 21.0% by Gram stain Nugent method, 21.0% by culture and 22% by BVBlue test among the study population. When comparing with the conventional test and culture, BVBlue test was 100% sensitive and 98% specific. It is rapid, technically simple and is suitable for screening large number of patient in short time where laboratory facilities are not developed. Key words: Bacterial Vaginosis, BVBlue test, Nugent method, Abnormal vaginal discharge. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v4i1.8465 BJMM 2011; 4(1): 24-27

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Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the leading causes of infection worldwide. P. aeruginosa is a versatile opportunistic pathogen and it is the third most common organism causing nosocomial urinary tract infections. With the widespread use of antibiotics, multidrug resistance pseudomonas continues to go up rapidly. This multidrug resistance pseudomonas increases the risk of mortality and morbidity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of P. aeruginosa and to understand the current statistics of its antimicrobial resistance pattern. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from January 2019 to December 2020 in the Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected in sterile containers. The samples were cultured on CLED agar media with a standard calibrated loop and incubated at 370C overnight. P. aeruginosa grows well at 25°C to 37°C, and its ability to grow at 42°C helped to distinguish it from other Pseudomonas species. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline. Results: A total of 10427 urine sample were received in the department of Microbiology of BMCH during these two years. Isolation rate of P. aeroginosa was 4% in 2019 and it increased to 6% in 2020. Piperacillin/Tazobactam showed sensitivity which was 63.33% in 2019 and 82% in 2020, followed by imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and aztreonam; which were 50% to 60% on an average. Sensitivity of the organism to Gentamycin (13.33% in 2019 & 30.3% in 2020), Netilmicin (20% in 2019 & 30.3% in 2020) and Ceftriaxone (13.33% in 2019 & 12.3% in 2020) was found very low. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa isolates in urine culture is increasing in hospital admitted patient and becoming resistant to multiple antibiotics which is frightening. DS (Child) H J 2021; 37(1): 40-44