The spatial directionality of Millennials’ migration has been underexplored. This study utilizes local spatial network autocorrelation to identify migration clusters of Millennials in a metropolitan area. The result found that Millennials migrate within an urban core and move to newer districts in surrounding areas. We found spatially distinct migration clusters by age group, possibly reflecting different motives through life stages. The analysis demonstrated that this method is effective for detecting migration clusters and for comparing subsets.

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Social mixing is one of the key objectives of the housing policy in OECD countries. The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, the largest affordable housing construction program in the US since 1986, has recently set creating mixed-income communities as one of the standards. As a project-based program, LIHTC developments are likely to influence residential mobility; however, little is known about its empirical effects. This study investigated whether new LIHTC projects are effective at attracting heterogeneous income groups to LIHTC neighborhoods, thereby contributing to creating mixed-income communities. Using unique individual-level household movement data combined with origin–destination neighborhood characteristics, we developed zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models to analyze the LIHTC’s impact on residential mobility patterns in Franklin County, Ohio, US, from 2011 to 2015. The results suggest that the LIHTC attracts low-income households while deterring higher-income families, and therefore the program is not proved to be effective at creating mixed-income neighborhoods.

Exploring virtual land trade (VLT) embodied in the global agricultural trade enables us to uncover potential risks to economy, environment, and food security within the trade structure. Using the bilateral trade data for the periods of 1988–1990, 1998–2000, 2008–2010, and 2018–2020, we created halfcircle diagrams depicting how virtual land of cereals is traded between countries of different income levels. The diagrams show that the global trend of virtual land in cereal products was being exported from high-income to low-income countries. Initially, a few wealthy countries dominated exports, and in later periods, middle-income countries joined major exporters. There has been a significant increase in the number of countries participating in VLT. Halfcircle diagrams are a useful tool for visualizing overall trends of VLT in relation to a potential driver.