Background: Based on historical viewpoint, relationship among depression, anxiety and stress attracted clinical and theoretical consideration. Despite the relative overlap of these psychological disorders in general, these three syndromes are distinctive in terms of theoretically and conceptually aspects.

Background: Iranian parents consider themselves responsible for the behavior and actions of their children and think that the mistreatment of children is a sign of their defect and impropriety. Objectives: The main purpose of this research was to develop and validate the parent abuse scale (girl-mother version), including construct validity, convergent validity, and internal consistency. Methods: The study population was all students' mothers from high school and their adolescent daughters. Two samples were used in this study. In the first sample, 409 people were selected for exploratory factor analysis and in the second stage, a random sample of 188 mothers was selected as a multi-stage cluster sampling for confirmatory factor analysis. Mothers and their daughters have completed parent abuse questionnaire (girl-mother) and attitude scale of the child toward mother, respectively. Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that this scale consisted of both physical and emotional parent abuse scale factors. The confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed the two-factor structure of this scale. Convergent validity of parent abuse scale was calculated by correlating it with child attitude scale toward her mother. The correlation coefficient of mean in subjects in parent abuse scale was significant with child attitude toward her mother scale. The internal consistency of the parentmother scale and its factors were calculated according to Cronbach's alpha coefficients and confirmed with the correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.75. Conclusions: According to the results, the parent abuse scale had sufficient validity and reliability in Iranian samples.

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to recognize bullying behavior in the students in Iran and analyze the perception of school teachers and parents in this regard.Materials and MethodsSeveral semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted with four teachers and eight parents of children involved in bully/victim problems and the analysis was interpreted through established comparative evaluation methods.ResultsIranian teachers and the parents perceived bullying mainly as physical and verbal attacks with little understanding of the psychological factors. They emphasized that the underlying influence of religious beliefs should also be considered in the context of bullying among Iranian society due to the strict conformance applied by parents upon their child.ConclusionsBased on the outcomes of the study, it is recommended that the teachers participate in anti-bullying programs orientated to prevent bullying behaviors and develop strong supportive relationship with parents to reduce this behavior through personal contacts and interactive workshops.

Infidelity is a harmful and a main problem in the therapy of couple relationships. The present study examined the reliability, validity and factor structure of the attitudes toward the infidelity scale among the patients referred to counseling centers in Tehran. 528 participants (185 females and 343 males) were selected by convenience sampling method from 5 centers. The study instrument was Whately's attitudes toward infidelity scale, which translated by 7 psychologists & back translated by an English expert. After a pilot study on 30 participants, the necessary corrections were made. The structure of the scale factor was confirmed in a first-order factor using confirmatory factor analysis. This scale had a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.71 and test-retest=0.87) It had correlation with Alport internal and external religious orientation scale respectively 0.29 and 0.16, also negative correlation with Kansas Marital satisfaction scale and Enrich sexual satisfaction subscales (-0.22 and-0.16 respectively). This study showed that ATIS is an efficient tool for research and couple counseling and has an appropriate validity and reliability for Iranian society.

Background: The results of previous studies indicated that increasing self-compassion is associated with increased ability to regulate emotion. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of difficulty in emotional regulation in the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety among university students. Materials & Methods: The current cross-sectional study was performed on male and female undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students in Tehran from January to September 2022. After obtaining official permission, 208 students from Amir Kabir University, Shahid Beheshti University, Islamic Azad University, North branch, Central branch, Research Science branch and Rodehen branch were selected using a convenience sampling method. Self-compassion scale of Neff, difficulty in emotion regulation of Graz and Roemer, and Beck anxiety scale were used to collect data. Data were then analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The mean age of participants was 27.63 (standard deviation= 9.13), 143 were female and 145 were single. the direct effect of self-compassion on anxiety is not significant (β =0.261, P = 0.109), but the indirect effect of self-compassion on anxiety with mediating role in difficulty of emotional regulation is significant (β = -0.674, P = 0.001). Thus, self-compassion reduces anxiety by reducing the difficulty in emotional regulation. The results also show that self-compassion alone explains 17% of the variance of anxiety. Self-compassion and difficulty in emotional regulation account for 34% of the variance of anxiety. Conclusion: The findings revealed that difficulty in emotional regulation plays a full mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety. This study highlights the role of self-compassion and difficulty in emotional regulation in reducing anxiety, But to use self-compassion-based education and emotional regulation in anxiety management, more research is needed to examine their effect in the form of empirical research.