Evidence shows that some men suffer from Postpartum Depression (PPD), and that the adverse effects of this unknown phenomenon affect them and their family. Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine paternal PPD and its relationship with some factors, especially maternal PPD. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was performed on 205 couples who were selected using a random cluster sampling in seven health centers affiliated to the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences six to 12 weeks after childbirth. Data was collected from fathers using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a demographic questionnaire. The Edinburgh questionnaire was also used for the mothers. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation as well as the Chi-square and linear regression.Results: A total of 11.7% of the fathers had depression symptoms. There was a significant and direct correlation between the paternal and maternal PPD scores (r=0.29, P=0.001). Among the sociodemographic and fertility factors, there was a significant relationship only between a family's livelihood situation, the number of abortions and the number of pregnancies with the parental depression scores (P=0.05). In the regression analysis, maternal PPD (ß=0.22) and the family's livelihood situation (ß=0.44) predicted paternal depression (P=0.001). This model totally explained about 30% of the changes in paternal PPD (R 2 =0.298). Conclusion:Considering the significant frequency of depression in fathers and the role of maternal depression as well as the family's livelihood situation, it is recommended that evaluation should be carried out on paternal PPD and its risk factors in order to prevent and treat it in a timely manner.

Background:Most women taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are satisfied with their contraceptive method. However, one of the most common reasons reported for discontinuation of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) is mood deterioration.Objectives:This study aimed to compare effects of the second and third generation oral contraceptive pills on the mood of reproductive women.Materials and Methods:This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted in reproductive women at health centers in Tehran, Iran. Participants were randomized into the second and third generation oral contraceptive groups. Positive and negative moods were recorded using positive affect, negative affect scale (PANAS) tools at the end the second and fourth months of the study. Data analysis was carried out using ANOVA and P Values < 0.05 was considered significant.Results:Statistically significant difference was seen in positive and negative mood changes in women receiving contraceptive pills. The second generation oral contraceptive pills resulted in a decrease in positive mood (95% CI: 43.39 to 38.32 in second month and 43.39 to 26.05 in four month) and increase in negative mood (95% CI: 14.23 to 22.04 in second month and 14.23 to 32.26 in four month - P < 0.001), but the third generation led to an increase in positive mood (95% CI: 22.42 to 25.60 in second month and 22.42 to 33.87 in four month) and decrease in negative mood (95% CI: 36.78 to 31.97 in second month and 36.78 to 22.65 in four month - P < 0.001).Conclusions:Third generation combined oral contraceptive pills have a better effect on mood in women in reproductive ages than the second generation pills. It can be recommended as a proper combined oral contraceptive in Iran.