Background: The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group systems are the most important of the various blood group systems known so far in human beings. The distribution of blood groups varies in various parts of the world and also in different parts of the country. Method: This study was conducted to determine the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in females comprising pregnant females coming for antenatal visits as well as females coming for blood donation and thus representing general female population and distribution of blood groups in males coming for blood donation, representing general male population and to show if there was any sex wise variation in blood group distribution. A retrospective study was conducted at the department of Pathology (Blood bank and Gynaecology laboratory), VMMC and Safdarjung hospital, New Delhi from January 2017 to March 2017 consisting of 2832 females (2810 pregnant females and 22 female donors). During this period total number of male donors both voluntary and replacement were 7567. To ensure proper comparison equal numbers of males (2832) were included in the study. First 2832 male donors were taken for the study. The blood samples were obtained in EDTA vacutainers by venepuncture and blood group antigens were determined by commercially available monoclonal antisera by electromagnetic technology. Both ABO and Rh status was tested. Results: The blood group B was the commonest in both males and females followed by O, A, AB group. Conclusion: The commonest blood group in males and females in New Delhi and nearby areas was B group.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, minimally invasive, and effective tool that can be used to accurately diagnose benign and malignant lesions of the breast. The International Academy of Cytologists Yokohama system and Modified Masood’s Scoring Index (MMSI) are two important systems to categorize palpable breast lesions on FNAC. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the IAC Yokohama system and MMSI in the cytological diagnosis and classification of diverse breast lesions and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of both systems through cyto-histological correlation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A retrospective cross-sectional study was done within the 3-year period from 2019 to 2021. Seven hundred and ninety cases of FNAC breast lesions were included and were categorized following the recommendations by the International Academy of Cytologists Yokohama system and MMSI. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy for both systems were calculated, taking histopathology as the standard. Additionally, the risk of malignancy (ROM) of each category was calculated in the Yokohama system. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The IAC Yokohama system’s sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy were 96.8, 95.8%, 96%, 96.6%, and 96.3%. The MMSI had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of 95.8%, 98.4%, 98.3%, 96.1%, and 97.1%, respectively. The ROM for insufficient, benign, atypical, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant categories were 12.5%, 1.8%, 20%, 90.4%, and 97.5%, respectively. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The categorization of breast lumps using the MMSI is more accurate and more specific in diagnosing malignant cases, and thus, the MMSI system is more precise and accurate at diagnosing malignant cases.

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Objective: To study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pathology residents through a questionnaire-based survey. Material and Method:We designed a Google survey questionnaire with 20-questions and distributed it to the pathology residents across India via e-mail and WhatsApp. All the responses collected were analysed using appropriate statistical methods. Results:We received a total of 81 responses. The majority (n=55, 68.8%) of the residents were aged 26-30 years with a male-female ratio of 1:2.2. Residents reported a significant decrease in classes as compared to pre-covid times. However, most institutions (90%) shifted to the virtual method for various teaching sessions. About 94.7% of the residents felt a fall in the quality of training due to Covid. A significant number of junior residents (76.92%) reported an inability to complete the target thesis enrolment. The residents saw a substantial decrease in the number of peripheral smears, bone marrow, cytology, and histopathology cases compared to pre-Covid times (p value <0.001 for all). An overwhelming 83.8% of the pathology residents were posted for COVID-19 duties. About 48.8% turned Covid positive. About 77.5% (n=62) of residents felt that the necessary training period would be extended. Conclusion:The COVID-19 pandemic has immensely affected the training and teaching of pathology residents in India. Similarly, this pandemic must have affected pathology residents all across the globe. Therefore, institutions can consider offering an extended period of up to one year, depending upon residents' requests.