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Background: Occupational and environmental exposures to organic solvents and noises in the workplace are major health issues. One of these solvents is toluene, and on top of that noise is an impartible part of any industry. the present study aims to determine the alteration of oxidative stress parameters and the histopathological changes caused by simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise in the brain tissue. Methods: For this purpose, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups and then were exposed to varying factors for 8 hours a day (8 h/day) for 28 days. These four groups were: 1) The control group, 2) The group exposed to noise (100dB), 3) The group exposed to toluene by inhalation (500 ppm), and 4) The group simultaneously exposed to both of them. In this study, the levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) and the histopathological changes of the brain tissue were determined. Results:The findings suggest that, in the various parts of the temporal brain tissue simultaneously exposed to toluene and noise, the cohesion was more decreased compared to the tissues in other groups. Furthermore, in the group simultaneously exposed to both factors the MDA level increased and the GSH level decreased significantly. Conclusions: The results indicated the impact of synergistic interaction between noise and toluene on the accumulation of oxidation products, the progressive morphological damages as well as the weakening of the antioxidant defense system in brain tissues of rats and being simultaneously exposed to both factors has a cumulative effect

Background: Physical and chemical factors of workplace, either alone or in combination, contribute to oxidative stress that is harmful to the body. The combined impact of physical and chemical components of the work environment on oxidative stress was examined in this research. Methods: Research articles published from 2000 to 2021 on this topic in reliable national and international databases were collected and analyzed. Based on the preliminary screening, 120 articles were selected for the first stage. The relevance and quality of 85 suitable papers were found appropriate and evaluated by examining the purpose of the study in the next phase. Results: The data collected and presented from the articles cover simultaneous exposure to physical risk factors such as noise, radiation, and chemicals such as metal solvents, as well as different types of oxidative stress parameters like MDA, GHS, LOP, 8-OHdG, SOD, CAT, ROS, and other parameters such as research site, co-exposure effects, and target organ. Investigating the combined effect of physical and chemical variables on oxidative stress in the target organs, as well as the interaction of multiple effects on each other, was one of the key goals of the articles (synergistic, reinforcing, additive or antagonistic). Conclusion: Most of the findings of theses researches generally highlight the synergistic impact of concurrent exposure to chemical and physical risk factors on oxidative stress.