In this paper, we have investigated and reported the performance of free-space optical (FSO) links operating in adverse atmospheric conditions. Since FSO links share operational similarity with fiber communication; hence, we believe that a cost-effective FSO framework can play a significant role in the transparent integration of high-speed network access backbones with the end-users. Different modulation formats, complemented with spatial diversity techniques, are discussed in this paper to strategize performance optimization of FSO links. Using bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as performance metrics, it was found that binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) qualifies as the best technique modulation technique delivering SNR gain of 10 dB over on–off keying (OOK) operating link under similar channel conditions. Further performance optimization was achieved using space diversity reception wherein SNR witnessed a gain of 3 dB gain over the single-channel FSO link. In terms of application, the proposed model can help in developing a citizen-centric smart city ecosystem that can support seamless communication between heterogeneous smart devices.

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Forest fragments are characteristic features of many megacities that have survived the urbanisation process and are often represented by unique assemblages of flora and fauna. Such woodlands are representations of nature in the city—often dominated by non-native and invasive species that coexist with resilient native congeners and purposefully introduced flora. These forest fragments also provide significant ecosystem services to urban society and therefore, understanding their compositional patterns is of considerable importance for conservation and management. In this work, we use a complex network approach to investigate species assemblages across six distinct urban forest fragments in the South Delhi Ridge area of the National Capital Territory, India. We generate bipartite ecological networks using conventional vegetation sampling datasets, followed by network partitioning to identify multiple cliques across the six forest fragments. Our results show that urban woodlands primarily form invasive–native associations, and that major invasive species, such as Prosopis juliflora and Lantana camara exclude each other while forming cliques. Our findings have implications for the conservation of these urban forests and highlight the importance of using network approaches in vegetation analysis.

Adult granulosa cell tumors are uncommon ovarian tumors mainly diagnosed after the age of 30, and the average age is roughly 55. Very few cases are associated with endometrial carcinoma. Most of these cases are well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma with excellent prognosis if found early. Heavy, irregular menstrual bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding are frequent and are caused by endometrial shedding due to unopposed estrogen action for a prolonged period of time.A 65-year-old female para 4, live 4 (P4L4) came with postmenopausal bleeding for six months. Various investigations were done, which revealed endometrial cancer type 1. A staging laparotomy was performed, which showed a right hemorrhagic ovarian mass; on a frozen section, it came to be a granulosa cell tumor.The rare association between granulosa cell tumor and endometrial carcinoma can be diagnosed with a good correlation of clinical, histopathological, and radiological findings.

Background:The first examples of this syndrome were identified and described by Dyke, Davidoff and Masson in 1933. The global incidence of the condition is still uncertain, even though 100 cases have been reported worldwide almost a century after its discovery. Clinical symptoms include mental retardation, hemiparesis or hemiplegia, facial or bodily asymmetry with atrophy and localised and/or widespread drug-resistant epilepsy. Case description: 23-year-old G2A1(gravida 2 abortion 1) presented with history of amenorrhoea since 9 months and pain in abdomen since 6 hours and she late developed complex partial status epilepticus and had a history of recurrent seizures since 10 years of age. MRI brain was done which revealed Dyke Davidoff Masson Syndrome. Conclusion: DDMS, a condition characterized by frequent and persistent seizures, is rare and can be difficult for medical professionals to diagnose accurately due to its rarity. However, specific imaging findings related to this disease can be revealed using MRI.