Abstract:The determination of the rational minimum ecological water level is the base for the protection of ecosystems in shrinking lakes and wetlands. Based on the lake surface area method, a simplified lake surface area method was proposed to define the minimum ecological lake level from the lake level-logarithm of the surface area curve. The curve slope at the minimum ecological lake level is the ratio of the maximum lake storage to the maximum surface area. For most practical cases when the curve cannot be expressed as a simple analytical function, the minimum ecological lake level can be determined numerically using the weighted sum method for an equivalent multi-objective optimization model that balances ecosystem protection and water use. This method requires fewer data of lake morphology and is simple to compute. Therefore, it is more convenient to use this method in the assessment of the ecological lake level. The proposed method was used to determine the minimum ecological water level for one freshwater lake, one saltwater lake, and one wetland in China. The results can be used in the lake ecosystem protection planning and the rational use of water resources in the lake or wetland basins.

In the application of multiple-processor systems some processors or links in a system may not function properly, thus the fault diagnosis is one of the most important issues in the analysis and maintenance of those systems. For the practical fault diagnosis systems, the probability that all neighboring processors of a processor are faulty simultaneously is very small. Thus, the conditional diagnosability, which is a new metric for evaluating such systems, assumes that every fault set does not contain all neighbors of any processor in the system. In this paper, the authors show that the n-dimensional shuffle-cube has the conditional diagnosability of 4n − 15 for n ≡ 2 (mod 4) and n ≥ 10.

The Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient are widely used to describe inequalities in many fields, but accurate estimation of the Gini coefficient is still difficult for grouped data with fewer groups. We proposed a shape-preserving cubic Hermite interpolation method to approximate the Lorenz curve by maximizing or minimizing the strain energy or curvature variation energy of the interpolation curve, and a method to estimate the Gini coefficient directly from the coefficients of the interpolation curve. This interpolation method can preserve the essential requirements of the Lorenz curve, i.e., non-negativity, monotonicity, and convexity, and can estimate the derivatives at intermediate points and endpoints at the same time. These methods were tested with 16 grouped quintiles or unequally spaced datasets, and the results were compared with the true Gini coefficients calculated with all census data and results estimated with other methods. Results indicate that the maximum strain energy interpolation method generally performs the best among different methods, which is applicable to both equally and unequally spaced grouped datasets with higher precision, especially for grouped data with fewer groups.

The X-architecture is a new integrated-circuit P wiring technique in the physical design. Compared with the P q P q currently used M-architecture, which uses either horizontal or 0 q 0 , 0 vertical routing, it is based on the pervasive use of diagonal / q wires. The experimental studies show that the X-architecture , demonstrates a wire length reduction of more than 10-20% and --1 better performance of timing. In this paper, we make a theoretical 7 " study on the wire lengths under these two architectures and , obtain their expected values for the cases of two and three P "p terminals, respectively; Our theoretical study confirms the wire length reduction as previous experimental studies claimed, but the reduction for three terminals is not as significant as for two (a)terminals. Our analysis shows that the wire length reduction tends to become smaller as the number of terminals turns larger. We also estimate the lower and upper bounds on the expected wire lengths of M-architecture and X-architecture for arbitrary number of terminals.terminal nets (see Fig.1), the ratio of wire lengths between

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