The survey research entitled 'Socioeconomic analysis of ginger production in surkhet district' was conducted during March 2019 to May 2019. The Gurwakot, Bheriganga and Awalching was selected purposefully and sample HHs was selected randomly. A total of 30 HHs were selected as sample from Bheriganga and each 25 from Gurwakot and Awalching. The data was collected through household survey (80HHs), 3 focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant survey (KII). In the sampled HHs, the percentage of male and female respondents was equal. Unavailability of enough and quality seed, Rhizome rot, Rhizome fly and trader's dominance in price determination has limited the success of ginger cultivation in the area. Out of the total landholding of 881 ropani, 46.31% was used in ginger cultivation. The average landholding of the respondents was 12.31 ropani and an average of 2.31 ropani land was used by them in ginger cultivation. Majority of the farmers used seed rhizome reserved from own production for planting materials (66.25%) in the next cycle. All the respondents used organic manure as source of nutrients. Most of the farmers practiced family labour and exchanged labour as source of labour for ginger cultivation. Only 8.75% of the respondents sold their product directly to the consumers, 38.75% sold their product to the Organic Mountain Flavour industry. 48.8% respondents got price information from collectors and 42.5% respondents were unsatisfied with price they received for their product, only 16.25% were satisfied with price. Most of the farmers did not perform Bruni extraction. The total cost of production was found to be NRs. 3,48,500 per hectare out of which cost of seed and human labour found to contribute major part i.e. NRs.1,69,860 (48.74%) and NRs. 1,25,460 (36.0%) respectively. Benefit cost analysis revealed that the B/C ratio was 1.88 on average. Thus, the ginger farming could be preferable and profitable, that could SocioEconomic Analysis of Ginger Production in Surkhet District of Nepal

A study was conducted in Bishnupaduka and Panchkanya of Sunsari district from February to May, 2019 with the objective to study factors affecting ginger production. Purposive selection of the site was done. For the study, eighty ginger growers were selected using simple random sampling method. Well-designed questionnaire was administered to the growers for primary data collection after pretesting it. Secondary data was obtained through journals, research articles, publications and reports. Key Informant Interview with progressive farmers, farmer leaders, manager of private farms and local extension workers was conducted along with questionnaire survey. The obtained data was analyzed using computer software packages like: MS Excel and SPSS. Indexing technique was used for qualitative data to rank each problem. Correlation coefficient tested the strength of relationship between various dependent and independent variables. The study showed that educational status, time of planting, planting distance, types of farming and training had positive and significant relationship with the level of production while seed treatment and crop rotation had positive but highly significant relationship with the level of production, each having Chi-square value of 18.42. Similarly, seed quantity, manure quantity, frequency of weeding, labor cost, family size, land size under ginger cultivation and experience on ginger farming were found to have positive and significant correlation with the level of production with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.22, 0.271, 0.203, 0.208, 0.22, 0.253 and 0.26 respectively while the age of the respondents was found to be negatively correlated with the level of production with the Pearson correlation coefficient as-0.25. Similarly, price was also found to be a determining factor influencing the level of production as well. Further, the prevalence of rhizome rot disease was found to be the bottleneck in ginger cultivation. Also, obtaining quality planting materials, proper irrigation facilities, lack of quality inputs, labor crisis were identified as other major problems during ginger production. Ginger is one of the promising high value spice crops having a large production and export potential for Nepal [1]. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a monocotyledonous, herbaceous tropical plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae [2]. It is a flowering plant whose rhizome is widely used as spice either in its fresh form or dry form or used for various other medicinal purposes [3]. It is used in the preparation of pickles, candy, squash, powder, sutho (dried ginger), and beverages. Dried form of ginger contains 15% aromatic oil, 6% oleoresin while the fresh form contains 12.3% carbohydrate, 2.3% protein and 0.9% fats and some amount of vitamins and minerals [4]. It also helps in preventing nausea, asthma, cancer, migraine, constipation, cold, blanching, cholesterol and blood pressure. Ginger farming is the main source of income for the peasants of mid-hills in Nepal who derive their living from fragmented p...

Underutilized and neglected plant species have high nutritional value, but those in higher demand have overshadowed them; their role in achieving food security is not adequately understood. Food security is a critical issue in the context of the Chepang community that possesses immense knowledge on underutilized and neglected plant species and has been exploiting these crops traditionally from the very beginning. The survey was conducted with the objective of studying and investigating the use of these plant species in that community and accessing the role of them in assuring their food security. Siddhi VDC in Chitwan district was purposively selected as the study site. A total of 32 households were randomly chosen for the household survey conducted using a semi-structured interview structure. Relevant information was also collected through key informants' interview. It was found that the food was unavailable for 3.2 months. Out of the total population, 75% of people exploit underutilized and neglected plant species to cope with the problem of food scarcity when the stored food grains are depleted, and new harvests are not available. Among them, 25% entirely depends on underutilized and neglected plant species, whereas remaining cope with the situation either by buying the food supplies from the market or by exchanging following barter system. The data obtained show that 84.4% of people depend on the thicket as a significant source of underutilized and neglected plant species. These plant species can play a vital role to transcend the unsecured food world into a secure world. Thus, there is a need to exploit the potential of these plant species to complement the staple crops so that the food security of the Chepang community can be improved.

Ginger is the main cash crop for small farmers across the country. A study was conducted to assess the economics of production and marketing of ginger in Sunsari district, Nepal. A total of 100 respondents were selected, 40 farmers each from Bishnupaduka and Panchakanya and 20 traders were selected by using proportionate random sampling. Primary data were obtained through questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII) and direct field observation. Secondary data were obtained by reviewing relevant publications. The average farm size was 33.67 kattha while average land under ginger cultivation was 3.67 kattha per household. The productivity of ginger of sampled households was 14.81 Mt/ha. The average cost of ginger production was NRs. 48.69/Kg. The B/C ratio was found 2.06. Marketing margin was found NRs. 27.77/Kg with 80.65% producer's share. Three Sutho: dried ginger