This study based on the Five Factor Model of Costa and McCrae (1987) sought to determine theninternal consistency and the psychometric properties of the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) of Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann (2003), Lima and Castro (2009) Portuguese version. The sample consisted of 170 male soccer athletes whose average age stood at 18.50 years, with a minimum of 13 and a maximum of 33 years. Statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Software Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in its 19 version for Windows. The TIPI showed low internal consistency (=0.462) and factor analysis that meets the criteria postulated by the instrument authors, so considered it valid to evaluate the personality rapidly in samples with little time available, for example elite athletes.
RESUMOO excessivo stress ocupacional experienciado pelos trabalhadores tem sido fortemente associado ao aparecimento de doenças e prejuízo da saúde mental, interferindo na sua capacidade para o trabalho, produtividade, bem-estar e qualidade de vida. A análise exaustiva do presente trabalho seguiu a orientação da sistematização e interpretação de modelos específicos de stress ocupacional, dissecando-os e expondo a sua génese construtiva e congénere entre eles, contribuindo para a possível construção de baselines preditoras de indução de stress. Apesar de alguns pontos de coincidência, os fatores que originam a resposta de stress apresentam algumas discrepâncias entre si, sendo, na sua maioria, ao nível do objeto que consideram como fonte de stress. A adequada compreensão destes processos tem, também, como objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção primária ao nível da saúde ocupacional e de metodologias de intervenção organizacional, com a finalidade de promover uma adequada qualidade de vida laboral, potenciando o desempenho e o sucesso no trabalho e o incremento da capacidade para o trabalho.Palavras chave: Stress. Modelos de Stress Ocupacional. Resiliência Psicológica. Coping. ABSTRACTOccupational stress models: systematisation, analysis and description Excessive occupational stress experienced by workers has been strongly associated with the
In the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we collected data (N = 1,420) from Portugal and Spain in relation to personality (i.e., Dark Triad traits, Big Five traits, religiousness, and negative affect) and attitudes related to COVID-19 about its origins, opinions on how to deal with it, and fear of it. The most pervasive patterns we found were: (1) neurotic-type dispositions were associated with stronger opinions about the origins of the virus and leave people to have more fear of the virus but also more trust in tested establishments to provide help. (2): religious people were less trusting of science, thought prayer was answer, and attributed the existence of the virus to an act of God. We also found that sex differences and country differences in attitudes towards COVID-19 were mediate by sex/country differences in personality traits like emotional stability, religiousness, and negative affect. For instance, women reported more fear of COVID-19 than men did, and this was verified by women’s greater tendency to have negative affect and low emotional stability relative to men. Results point to the central role of neuroticism in accounting for variance in broad-spectrum attitudes towards COVID-19.
RESUMOOs dois estudos da presente investigação tiveram como "Conceptual framework" o modelo dos 5 fatores de Costa and McCrae (1987). Num primeiro estudo, traduziu e adaptou-se para a população portuguesa o Big Five Inventory (BFI) de John, Donahue, & Kentle (1991), modificado por Jonh & Srivastava (1999, avaliando a consistência interna e a estabilidade temporal. Num segundo estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a estrutura fatorial (validade fatorial) e a validade de critério pela comparação concorrente com um instrumento paralelo já validado para Portugal, o Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), adaptado e validado por Lima e Castro (2009). Neste 2º estudo pretendeu-se, ainda, verificar novamente o comportamento da consistência interna. Após o primeiro estudo, o BFI passou a designar-se por Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores da Personalidade (IGFP5). A amostra do primeiro estudo foi constituída por 150 jogadores de futebol e a do segundo estudo por 369 participantes do mesmo grupo profissional. No primeiro estudo foram obtidos bons valores de consistência interna, sendo confirmada a estabilidade temporal da medida mediante a obtenção de correlações significativas entre o teste e o reteste e a aproximação dos valores absolutos de alfa nos dois momentos. Em relação ao estudo 2, inicialmente foi extraída uma solução com 16 fatores; contudo, após uma análise do screenplot de eigenvalues, a solução fixada foi penta-fatorial e muito pró-xima, na extração de itens, à validação original e validações de outros países. A validade de critério foi alcançada pela existência de correlações significativas na direção esperada entre os dois ques-
The neural basis of dilemmas involving decisions with profound affective impact, such as in romantic life, remains to be understood. The “Battle of the Sexes” is a paradigm from Game Theory that can be used to experimentally address such dilemmas. A form of in-group love, tribal love in football fans, provides the opportunity to study strong affective dilemmas when tribal and romantic love compete for hedonic decision-making. Here, we used for the first time a “Battle of the Sexes” dilemma using fMRI. We investigated, in 44 male football fans, the neural correlates of cooperative behaviour under conflicting choices in the context of romantic versus tribal love. We identified a critical functional segregation of prefrontal regions in affective decision-making. The orbitofrontal cortex signalled emotional appraisal of the dilemma. The medial anterolateral and the ventromedial prefrontal cortices reflected reciprocal cooperation instead of selfish engagement in football-related activities. The lateral portion of anterolateral prefrontal cortex was recruited during ultimate deliberation. In sum, emotional appraisal and rational choice reflected a contiguous functional parcellation in anterolateral prefrontal cortex: appraisal (medial) vs. choice (lateral region).
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