Aluminum enters the body primarily through diet or occupational exposure, and is cleared through urine. However, this trace element may accumulate and cause toxicity in subjects with renal insufficiency, and even in dialysis patients. The mechanism of aluminum toxicity is related to increased oxidative and inflammatory stress, iron and calcium dyshomeostasis, or cholinergic dysregulation, among other. A review was conducted on the specimens and analytical methods used to determine aluminum in biological specimens and dialysis water. This paper describes the most relevant aspects related to quality assurance. This is a practical guideline for the development and implementation of a reliable method for determination of aluminum in the clinical laboratory. Serum aluminum is the main biomarker of toxicity. For cases of chronic exposure, urine testing is recommended. At present, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the gold-standard determination method, since it has been proven to have the best quantification limits, selectivity and robustness. Clear recommendations are provided in relation to the specimens used for aluminum determination. Relevant pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical considerations are also presented.
Resumen El aluminio se incorpora en el organismo principalmente por la dieta o la exposición ocupacional y se excreta por vía renal. Puede retenerse y presentar toxicidad especialmente en individuos con insuficiencia renal, incluso en aquellos que están sometidos a procesos de diálisis. Sus mecanismos de toxicidad están relacionados con el aumento del estrés oxidativo e inflamatorio, dishomeostasis del hierro y el calcio o la desregulación colinérgica, entre otros. En este documento se revisan los especímenes y métodos analíticos para la medida de aluminio en especímenes biológicos y agua de diálisis. Se detallan aquellos aspectos más relevantes para asegurar su calidad. Pretende ser una guía práctica para el desarrollo e implementación de un procedimiento de medida fiable del aluminio en un laboratorio clínico. El aluminio en suero es el principal biomarcador para el estudio de su toxicidad, mientras que para la evaluación de una exposición crónica se recomienda la orina. Actualmente, la tecnología de espectrometría de masas de plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS) es la recomendada por presentar mejores límites de cuantificación, selectividad y robustez. Se ofrecen recomendaciones claras sobre los especímenes utilizados en la medición de aluminio y las principales consideraciones preanalíticas, analíticas y postanalíticas.
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