Vigor of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds can be evaluated by measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of the seed soaking solution, which has shown a satisfactory relationship with field seedling emergence, but has not had aproper definition of range yet. This work studies the relationship between EC and soybean seedling emergence both in the field and laboratory conditions, using twenty two seed lots. Seed water content, standard germination and vigor (EC, accelerated aging and cold tests) were evaluated under laboratory conditions using -0.03; -0.20; -0.40 and -0.60 MPa matric potentials, and field seedling emergence was also observed. There was direct relationship between EC and field seedling emergence (FE). Under laboratory conditions, a decreasing relationship was found between EC and FE as water content in the substrate decreased. Relationships between these two parameters were also found when -0.03; -0.20 and -0.40 MPa matric potentials were used. EC tests can be used successfully to evaluate soybean seed vigor and identify lots with higher or lower field emergence potential.
RESUMO -O tratamento de sementes com fungicida é um seguro de baixo custo para os produtores de sementes e plantadores de amendoim. O uso de fungicidas adequados pode contribuir para o melhor desempenho do material de propagação, proporcionando maiores rendimentos na colheita. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência do fungicida carboxin + thiram e a viabilidade do uso de óleo vegetal e de surfactante à base de organosilicone como agentes veiculadores do fungicida, no controle de fungos associados às sementes de amendoim. Foram comparadas duas doses de carboxin + thiram (50 + 50 e 70 + 70 g.i.a./100 kg de sementes) em mistura com água e a dose de 50 + 50 g.i.a./100 kg de sementes em mistura com os agentes veiculadores, avaliando-se os efeitos na germinação e vigor das sementes e estabelecimento da cultura no campo. Verificou-se que o principal efeito benéfico dos tratamentos é a redução significativa de sementes mortas e/ou da ocorrência de "damping-off" de pré-emergência. Independentemente da dose, o fungicida associado à água, proporciona controle eficiente dos patógenos presentes nas sementes, exceto no caso de Rhizopus sp. O óleo vegetal e o surfactante proporcionam melhor cobertura e aderência do fungicida às sementes, aumentando a eficiência do mesmo no controle de Aspergillus spp. e de Penicillium sp. Não se constata efeito fitotóxico do fungicida e dos agentes veiculadores sobre as sementes de amendoim.Termos para indexação: Arachis hypogaea, óleo vegetal, surfactante, germinação, vigor. EFICIENCY OF THE FUNGICIDE CARBOXIN + THIRAM IN PEANUT SEED TREATMENTABSTRACT -Fungicide seed treatment is a cheap insurance for peanut seed producers and growers. Correct fungicide use can contribute to better performance of the propagation material, increasing the yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of carboxin + thiram and the viability of the use of vegetable oil and an organo-sillicone based surphactant as fungicide vehicle for seed-borne fungi control. Two doses of carboxin + thiram (50 + 50 and 70 +70 g a.i./100 kg seeds) prepared in water, plus one dose ( 50 + 50 g a.i./100 kg ) mixed with the vegetable oil and the surphactant were tested. The evaluation was based on seed germination and vigour and further field establishment of the crop. It was verified that the most important benefits of seed treatment were the significative reduction of dead seeds and the pre-emergence damping-off. Both
RESUMO -O teste de envelhecimento acelerado (EA) apresenta possibilidades de uso nos programas de controle de qualidade de sementes de milho. Porém, para uso em rotina, há necessidade de padronização das condições de temperatura e período de exposição das sementes na realização do teste. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da combinação de duas temperaturas (42 e 45ºC) e dois períodos de envelhecimento (72 e 96h) nos resultados do teste de envelhecimento acelerado em sementes de milho. Para isso, sementes de seis genótipos de milho, tratadas e sem tratamento fungicida, com altos valores de germinação inicial, semelhantes entre si, dentro de cada genótipo, foram submetidas ao EA, de acordo com condições de temperatura e período de exposição pré-estabelecidos. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos (lotes x germinação, antes e após o EA) dispostos em esquema fatorial, empregandose o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade na comparação das médias. Verificou-se que sementes de milho apresentam diferenças de sensibilidade ao envelhecimento acelerado, condicionadas pelo genótipo e tratamento fungicida. Contudo, a combinação 45ºC por 72h possibilita separar lotes de qualidade fisiológica superior e inferior, independentemente do genótipo. O período de exposição das sementes ao envelhecimento acelerado determina o teor de água atingido pelas mesmas. Termos para indexação: vigor, genótipo, tratamento fungicida, teor de água. TEMPERATURE AND AGING PERIOD OF CORN SEEDS IN THE ACCELERATED AGING TESTABSTRACT -The accelerated aging test (AA) is considered as efficient to be included in quality control programs of corn seeds. Even so, for routine use, information must be improved for standardization of the chamber temperature and seed aging period. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the combination of two temperatures (42 and 45ºC) and two aging periods (72 and 96h) on the results of the accelerated aging test for corn seeds. Samples of seed lots of six corn genotypes, submitted or not to fungicide treatment, with high and similar germination within each genotype, were tested for accelerated aging (42ºC and 45ºC for 72h and 96h). A complete randomized design with the treatments arranged as a factorial (seed lots vs. germination before and after seed aging) and four replicates was used. Corn seed lots showed different sensitivity to accelerated aging, depending on the genotype and fungicide treatment. The 72 h aging period at 45ºC detected the best physiological quality seed lots of all the evaluated genotypes, independently of fungicide treatment. The aging period determined the final seed moisture content after accelerated aging.
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