Purpose: To describe predisposing factors, ophthalmic manifestations, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in children with cerebral visual impairment. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients younger than 16 years with neuroradiological and clinical evidence of retrogeniculate visual pathway pathology was performed. Detailed histories, ophthalmic examinations, and MRI findings were compiled and analyzed. Results: Of the 88 cases included in the study, the median age was 32 months (range: 1 to 180 months). Ante-natal history and preterm delivery was positive in 25.0% and 37.5% of patients, respectively. A simple myopic astigmatism was the most common refractive error. Accommodative anomalies were noted in 6 children. Conclusions: The demographic trends found in the study were similar to those of developed nations, but the frequency of the predisposing factors varied. A comprehensive knowledge of cerebral visual impairment in the developing world can aid an earlier diagnosis, appropriate management, and the development of better rehabilitation teams. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2019;56(5):313–318.]

Primary hyperparathyroidism is not commonly diagnosed during pregnancy. For pregnant women with mild, asymptomatic disease, surgery can be avoided unless the degree of hypercalcemia becomes more severe or they develop complications. However, there are no evidence-based guidelines to assist clinicians regarding the management of primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. When surgery is deemed necessary during pregnancy, the second trimester is generally considered to be the optimal time. We report the case of a 31-year-old female G1P0 who presented at 6 weeks gestation with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, polyuria, and corrected calcium of 14.8 mg/dL. Due to the extreme degree of hypercalcemia and refractory to medical treatment, it was decided that surgery could not be delayed until the second trimester. At 7w3d gestational age the patient had resection of a 37 gram, 5 × 4 × 3 cm right inferior parathyroid adenoma.

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Objective In an adult endocrine clinic, the majority of patients referred for evaluation of an incidentally discovered adrenal mass are aged more than 30 years, for which many national and international societies have developed management guidelines. However, adrenal incidentalomas in children and young adults are uncommon. We report the case of an 18-year-old woman with an incidentally discovered right-sided adrenal mass. Methods We present the adrenal tests, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging results and treatment of a young woman with an adrenal mass that proved to be a ganglioneuroma. Results A computed tomography scan showed a 2.2 × 2.6 cm right-sided adrenal mass with noncontrast Hounsfield units >10 and <50% washout. Magnetic resonance imaging was not typical of a lipid-rich adenoma. Blood and urine tests demonstrated normal secretion of cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens, and catecholamines. Based on the patient’s age and imaging studies, she underwent a right adrenalectomy, removing a 2.2 × 2.0 × 2.7-cm ganglioneuroma. Conclusion The differential diagnosis of an adrenal mass in children and adolescents is quite different compared with adult patients. There are no standardized guidelines for the management of adrenal masses in these younger age groups, although some authors recommend removing all adrenal masses, regardless of size or imaging characteristics, in all children aged more than 3 months. This case emphasizes how the management of adrenal masses in pediatric patients and young adults differs from guidelines published by endocrine and urologic societies.