The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has been suggested for those with comorbidities, although there are concerns regarding the vaccine's safety. This study aimed to compare the severity and incidence of post-vaccination side effects in people with and without comorbidities. Another aim of this study was also to look for the effect of multimorbidity on adverse events. MethodsThis observational study was conducted from November 2021 to February 2022. Data were collected from all over Pakistan using a self-administered online questionnaire that inquired about the subject's demographic, clinical, and COVID-19 vaccination profiles. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software version 22.0. (Chicago, IL, IBM Corp.). ResultsA total of 421 participants were included in the study, and 31.4% of individuals had underlying comorbidity. The overall mean age was 33 years (range: 13-85 years). This study included recipients of all major types of COVID-19 vaccines being used in Pakistan. Only 67.4% of the subjects had only underlying comorbidity, and hypertension was the most common one out of all comorbidities. Participants with comorbidities were not at a greater risk to produce vaccine-related adverse events when compared to those with no comorbidities. Comorbidity was also found to be statistically non-significant to the severity of the side effects. Only one subject with comorbidity produced a side effect and required hospitalization. Multimorbidity was not associated with a greater incidence of side effects. Multimorbidity was not significantly linked with the severity of the adverse effects, except muscle pain (p<0.05) and breathlessness (p<0.05). ConclusionIt can be concluded that comorbidities do not affect the COVID-19 vaccine's reactogenicity but studies on an extensive scale should be conducted regarding individuals with multiple pre-existing comorbidities.

As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunizations become more common, concerns about their safety and reactogenicity have grown. It is important to assess and analyze the post-vaccination side effects of several COVID-19 vaccines that have been licensed in Pakistan. Methods and resultsA comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2021 and January 2022 to collect data on the side effects produced by different COVID-19 vaccines. An online survey was conducted to gather data on participants' demographics, clinical profiles, COVID-19 profiles as well as the intensity and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used to analyze the data collected. Out of 421 participants, 63.2% were males, 36.8% of participants received messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, 33.2% received viral vector vaccine, 29.9% received inactivated vaccine, and further 71.7% of the total subjects were completely immunized. The majority of the symptoms were mild to moderate in degree. Approximately, 0.7% of the individuals reported experiencing serious adverse effects. Injection site pain (35.9%) was noted to be the most remarkable post-vaccination side effect followed by fever (33.2%) and fatigue (23.1%). Prior COVID-19 infection was not associated with the severity of any COVID-19 vaccine-related side effect (p > 0.05), except dyspnea. Younger participants and the female gender were substantially linked to post-vaccination adverse effects. ConclusionIn comparison to viral vector and inactivated vaccines, our data suggest that the mRNA-based vaccination causes more severe adverse effects, and the majority of them were mild to moderate in severity. Participants who had previously contracted COVID-19 were not at a higher risk of developing additional vaccine-related side effects.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus among children underwent multiple blood transfusions at tertiary care Hospital. Methodology: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at paediatrics department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences. All the children below the age of 12 years, both gender and presented with history of multiple blood transfusions due different hematological disorders at paediatrics department were included. After taking complete medical history, all the children underwent screening for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. After taking verbal informed consent a 3 ml or 5ml blood sample was taken from each case and sent to the Hospital diagnostic Laboratory for the HCV and HVB screening. All the data was collected by the self-made study proforma. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 102 children were studied. The mean age of the children was 8.57+2.97 years and average hemoglobin level was 9.26+2.91. Males were in the majority 74(72.5%). Most of the children 42(41.2%) had thalassemia. The frequency of HBV was 5.9% and HCV was 33.3% among children of multiple blood transfusions. The frequency of HCV and HBV were insignificant according to gender (p->0.05) and statistically significant according to numbers of blood transfusion (p-<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the frequency of HCV infection was high among children of multiple blood transfusions. Key words: TTI, HCV, HBV, seropositivity