Abstract-The power grid has become a critical infrastructure, which modern society cannot do without. It has always been a challenge to keep power supply and demand in balance; the more so with the recent rise of intermittent renewable energy sources. Demand response schemes are one of the counter measures, traditionally employed with large industrial plants. This paper suggests to consider data centres as candidates for demand response as they are large energy consumers and as they are able to adapt their power profile sufficiently well. To unlock this potential, we suggest a system of contracts that regulate collaboration and economic incentives between the data centre and its energy supplier (GreenSDA) as well as between the data centre and its customers (GreenSLA). Several presented use cases serve to validate the suitability of data centers for demand response schemes.

e existing electromobility (EM) is still in its edgling stage and multiple challenges have to be overcome to make Electric Vehicles (EVs) as convenient as combustion engine vehicles. Users and Electric Vehicle Fleet Operators (EFOs) want their EVs to be charged and ready for use at all times. is straightforward goal, however, is counteracted from various sides: e range of the EV depends on the status and depletion of the EV ba ery which is in uenced by EV use and charging characteristics. Also, most convenient charging from the user's point of view, might unfortunately lead to problems in the power grid. As in the case of a power peak in the evening when EV users return from work and simultaneously plug in their EVs for charging. Last but not least, the mass of EV ba eries are an untapped potential to store electricity from intermi ent renewable energy sources. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to tackle this multilayered problem from di erent perspectives. Using on-board EV data and grid prediction models, we build up an information model as a foundation for a back end service containing EFO and Charging Station Provider (CSP) logic as well as a central Advanced Drivers Assistant System (ADAS). ese components connect to both battery management and user interfaces suggesting various routing and driving behaviour alternatives customized and incentivized for the current user pro le optimizing above mentioned goals. CCS CONCEPTS •Applied computing →Transportation; •Hardware →Smart grid; Energy distribution; •Social and professional topics →User characteristics; •So ware and its engineering →So ware architectures;

Abstract-DemandResponse is a mechanism used in power grids to manage customers' power consumption during critical situations (e.g. power shortage). Data centres are good candidates to participate in Demand Response programs due to their high energy use. In this paper, we present a generic architecture to enable Demand Response between Energy Provider and Data Centres realised in All4Green. To this end, we show our three-level concept and then illustrate the building blocks of All4Green's architectural design. Furthermore, we introduce the novel aspects of GreenSDA and GreenSLA for Energy Provider-Data centre sub-ecosystem as well as Data centre-IT Client sub-ecosystem respectively. In order to further reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission, the notion of data centre federation is introduced: savings can be expected if data centres start to collaborate by exchanging workload. Also, we specify the technological solutions necessary to implement our proposed architectural approach. Finally, we present preliminary proof-of-concept experiments, conducted both on traditional and cloud computing data centres, which show relatively encouraging results. I. OVERVIEWWith the energy consumption of ICT mushrooming for some decades, and data centres at the heart of this development, a lot of research has been dedicated to this huge problem for environmental health and resource depletion. However, it turns out that data centres are not only part of the problem but also one key to its solution because the energy challenge is both, a problem of energy consumption and a problem of power consumption: In times of low supply and high demand, extra power needs to be provided at high environmental cost, in times of high supply (e.g. through wind and sun) and low demand, superfluous energy suppliers are cut off the electricity net. The project All4Green1 shows that data centres with their huge power hunger can play a role in solving this challenge. To this end, the data centre is viewed as part of an ecosystem consisting of ICT users deploying services in the data centre, electrical power providers, and data centres cooperating in a federated way. By establishing a collaborative scheme within this eco-system through green contracts supported by an underlying signalling technology, All4Green tackles both goals: It aims at saving CO 2 emissions by enabling a cleaner energy mix for the energy consumption of a data centre. And additionally it will reduce this energy consumption by 10%.All4Green relevant actors in the system, as illustrated in Fig. 1 The All4Green approach is based on a three-levels-concept

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