This study proposes an effective and accurate mechanism for spectral reflectivity recovery based on a hybrid technique. Adaptive non-negative matrix transformation, three-dimensional interpolation, and two-dimensional interpolation were reconstructed to an integrative hybrid recovery method. The existing spectral reflectivity data of 1269 Munsell matte color chips were used as reference data. Under the standard condition of a D65 illuminant and a 10° observer of 1964 CIE, the spectral reflectivity of the 1269 Munsell colors was reconstructed successfully using the optimized hybrid recovery method. The root mean square error and goodness of fitting were used to determine the quality of the presented method. Using the hybrid method, the strategy for fast and reliable spectral reflectivity recovery of given images were also presented and demonstrated.

We present a hybrid method for spectral reflectivity recovery, using 3D extrapolation as a supplemental method for 3D interpolation. The proposed 3D extrapolation is an extended version of 3D interpolation based on the barycentric algorithm. It is faster and more accurate than the conventional spectral-recovery techniques of principal-component analysis and nonnegative matrix transformation. Four different extrapolation techniques (based on nearest neighbors, circumcenters, in-centers, and centroids) are formulated and applied to recover spectral reflectivity. Under the standard conditions of a D65 illuminant and 1964 10° observer, all reflectivity data from 1269 Munsell color chips are successfully reconstructed. The superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated using statistical data to compare coefficients of correlation and determination. The proposed hybrid method can be applied for fast and accurate spectral reflectivity recovery in image processing.

In retail space, wayfinding difficulties can cause problems, such as loss of time, stress, or discomfort, negatively affecting the shopping experience of consumers and even their patronage intentions. Although studies have reported that space configuration may facilitate navigation, there has been a lack of detailed discussion, particularly in underground malls, where people often encounter wayfinding issues. In this study, a series of exit-finding tasks in virtual malls were simulated to determine if it was practical to encourage turn taking by changing the corridor width, length, height, or angle. The results showed that people have a right-turn preference during exit finding. Moreover, exit-finders mostly prefer taking the upward pathway via stairs followed by corridors with broader widths or curved corners, exhibiting visible and similar navigation effects. Shorter corridors have a visible but relatively small affinity. This study provides some empirical evidence of how the corridor configuration influences the turn taking of people and provides a theoretical reference for adding a guiding function to the spatial arrangement in underground malls.

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Background: With the widespread use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), the incidence of allergic-like hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to GBCAs is increasing. Research on the incidence and risk factors for HSRs to GBCAs is needed for their safe use. Purpose:To determine the incidence of acute and delayed reactions to GBCAs and to discuss the risk factors and strategies for the prevention of HSRs to GBCAs. Materials and Methods:All cases of HSRs to contrast media that occurred at the Seoul National University Hospital from July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2020, were assessed. Information including age, sex, GBCA type, onset, and severity of HSRs was retrospectively analyzed.Results: Among the 331 070 cases of GBCA exposure in 154 539 patients, 1304 cases of HSRs (0.4%) were reported. Acute HSRs accounted for 1178 cases (0.4%), while 126 cases (0.04%) were delayed HSRs. While both premedication (odds ratio [OR] = 0.7, P = .041) and changing the type of GBCA (OR = 0.2, P , .001) showed preventative effects in patients with a history of acute HSRs, only premedication (OR = 0.2, P = .016) significantly reduced the incidence of HSRs in patients with a history of delayed reactions. The risk of an HSR to GBCA was higher in those with a history of an HSR to iodinated contrast media (OR = 4.6, P , .001). Conclusion:The rate of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) was 0.4%. The absence of premedication, repeated exposures to the culprit GBCA, and a history of HSRs to iodinated contrast media and GBCAs were risk factors for HSRs to GBCAs.