The human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G edits both nascent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV) reverse transcripts, resulting in loss of infectivity. The HIV Vif protein is able to protect both viruses from this innate restriction to infection. Here, we demonstrate that a number of other APOBEC family members from both humans and rodents can mediate anti-HIV effects, through cytidine deamination. Three of these, rat APOBEC1, mouse APOBEC3, and human APOBEC3B, are able to inhibit HIV infectivity even in the presence of Vif. Like APOBEC3G, human APOBEC3F preferentially restricts vif-deficient virus. Indeed, the mutation spectra and expression profile found for APOBEC3F indicate that this enzyme, together with APOBEC3G, accounts for the G to A hypermutation of proviruses described in HIV-infected individuals. Surprisingly, although MLV infectivity is acutely reduced by APOBEC3G, no other family member tested here had this effect. It is especially interesting that although both rodent APOBECs markedly diminish wild-type HIV infectivity, MLV is resistant to these proteins. This implies that MLV may have evolved to avoid deamination by mouse APOBEC3. Overall, our findings show that although APOBEC family members are highly related, they exhibit significantly distinct antiviral characteristics that may provide new insights into host-pathogen interactions.

PSLS at rest was significantly lower in patients with left main or three-vessel CAD without RWMA, and might be useful for identifying patients with a severe CAD.

process under mild conditions. The abovementioned advantages make perovskites a promising family of materials for the next-generation photovoltaic solar cells. Since the first report on the perovskite solar cell (PSC) by Miyasaka and coworkers in 2009, [1a] considerable efforts have been made to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSC to rival those of commercially available silicon solar panels. [1b-e] In a strikingly short period of time, the highest certified PCE has reached a value as high as 25.2% in a single-junction PSC. [2] Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are 2D nanomaterials with the thickness of one or few molecules. [3] Self-assembly of molecules on the surface is a thermodynamically favorable process where molecules interact with each other to form organized structures. Typically, molecules are vertically aligned on the surface with some tilt angle relative to the surface normal. The molecules are designed to have three parts: the anchoring, the spacer, and the terminal groups (Figure 1). 1) Anchoring group: the anchoring group is responsible for the interaction between the molecule and the surface. Various anchoring groups that bind to specific substrates are available, which provides users the option to select the type of electrode and molecule to suit their intended purpose. The most widely studied class of SAMs is derived from the anchoring chemistries between thiol and coinage metals or between silane and oxide substrates. In SAM-inserted PSCs, various oxide substrates are commonly used for bottom contacts, and few Brønsted-Lowry acids (e.g., carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, and boronic acid) are extensively utilized (see below for details). Anchoring chemistry matters for the tilt angle of molecule with respect to the surface normal, work function (WF) of substrate, interfacial dipole, contact resistance, and energy offset between the Fermi level and energy of frontier molecular orbital. All of them are essential for the electronic function and performance of PSCs. These effects of SAMs on interfacial properties of PSCs are discussed below. 2) Spacer group: the spacer group is the backbone of the molecule, and it bridges terminal and anchoring groups. The length of the backbone is important for electronically isolating one contact from another. The spacer group is responsible for lateral interaction between molecules during the selfassembly process, which affects the final packing structure. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), owing to their unique and versatile abilities to manipulate chemical and physical interfacial properties, have emerged as powerful nanomaterials for improving the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Indeed, in the last six years, a collection of studies has shown that the application of SAMs to PSCs boosts the performance of devices compared to the pristine PSCs. This review describes recent studies that demonstrate the direct advantages of SAM-based interfacial engineering to power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. This review includes 1) a b...

Background and Purpose-Since the Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards (VCIHS) neuropsychologicaltest protocol was proposed by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Canadian Stroke Network, no studies have applied this neuropsychological protocol to poststroke survivors in a large-scale, multicenter stroke cohort. We determined the frequency of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and investigated the feasibility of using the Korean version of the VCIHS neuropsychological protocol in a multicenter, hospital-based stroke cohort in Korea. Methods-We prospectively enrolled 620 subjects with ischemic stroke within 7 days of symptom onset among 899 patients who were consecutively admitted to 12 university hospitals in Korea. Neuropsychological assessments using the 60-minute Korean VCIHS neuropsychological protocol were administered at 3 months after stroke. Results-Of the 620 patients, 506 were followed up at 3 months after stroke. Of these, 353 (69.8%) were evaluated for cognitive function using the 60-minute Korean VCIHS neuropsychological protocol. The frequency of VCI at 3 months was 62.6%: VCI with no dementia in 49.9% and vascular dementia in 12.7%. Old age (P=0.014), poor functional outcomes at 3 months (P=0.029), and stroke subtypes other than small vessel disease (P=0.004) were independent risk factors of VCI. Conclusions-VCI, evaluated using the Korean VCIHS neuropsychological protocol, is substantial at 3 months after ischemic stroke in Korea. The use of the 60-minute Korean VCIHS neuropsychological protocol was feasible in largescale multicenter studies.