Owing to the increasing interest in the nonvolatile memory devices, resistive switching based on hybrid nanocomposite of a 2D material, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is explored in this work. As a proof of concept, we have demonstrated the fabrication of a memory device with the configuration of PET/Ag/MoS2-PVA/Ag via an all printed, hybrid, and state of the art fabrication approach. Bottom Ag electrodes, active layer of hybrid MoS2-PVA nanocomposite and top Ag electrode are deposited by reverse offset, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) atomization and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) patterning respectively. The fabricated device displayed characteristic bistable, nonvolatile and rewritable resistive switching behavior at a low operating voltage. A decent off/on ratio, high retention time, and large endurance of 1.28 × 102, 105 sec and 1000 voltage sweeps were recorded respectively. Double logarithmic curve satisfy the trap controlled space charge limited current (TCSCLC) model in high resistance state (HRS) and ohmic model in low resistance state (LRS). Bendability test at various bending diameters (50-2 mm) for 1500 cycles was carried out to show the mechanical robustness of fabricated device.

Social investment, social service and the economic performance of welfare states Ahn S-H., Kim S-W. Social investment, social service and the economic performance of welfare states This article begins with an examination of the role of social services as the key instrument of social investment strategy, presenting an empirical analysis of its impact on economic performance. A pooled time series, cross-section analysis was conducted with the data of 15 welfare states from 1990 to 2007 under the 'social investment hypothesis' that more social service orientedness brings about a greater positive effect on the economy. The results show that a larger share of social service spending in the total social expenditure -more social service orientedness -contributes to economic growth and labour market performance, whereas a larger aggregate size of the welfare state may have a negative effect on employment.In conclusion, this study suggests that the relatively ambiguous welfare strategy of social investment could be clarified as a 'transition from income security to livelihood security' in which emphasis is placed on social service. Key Practitioner Message: • This study suggests that the key instrument of social investment strategy is social service;• The results show that more social service orientedness contributes to economic growth and labour market performance.

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| INTRODUC TI ONThe purpose of this study is twofold: to review theoretical literature on the social investment mechanism of social services and to offer empirical evidences about social investment effects especially in key social services areas including health care, education, and welfare services with a focus on its impact on economic growth.The "productivity of welfare" has been a long-standing issue in the academic arena of the welfare state theories. With almost no exception, especially when it comes to recent one or two decades, welfare states seek to ensure their sustainability through restructuring of themselves, not through downsizing themselves. When sustainability issue became a crucial condition behind restructuring welfare state, productivity of welfare states also became a hotly debated topic in the field of the welfare state research. Although unveiling mechanism behind the economic performance of welfare states bears great significance, existing literature has not dealt with this mechanism in full detail. In this context, the first task of this study is to converge the findings of three branches of research dealing with "the productive function of welfare."The first branch is represented by attempts to disclose the effect of welfare states on economic growth. This strand of research was mostly focused on bringing into light the relationship between public spending of welfare states and economic growth (Ventelou & Bry, 2006; AbstractThe purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically examine whether public spending in education, health care, and welfare service operates as a fruitful investment in welfare states, which has been implied in the literature of social investment arguments. Based on comprehensive review of existing literature, this study suggested a tripartite mechanism of social investment effect of such spending, that is "enhancement of human capital," "support for labor force participation," and "job creation." To find the empirical evidence, a pooled time-series cross-section analysis was conducted with the data of 15 advanced welfare states from 1980 to 2015 using estimation technique of fixed-effect model. The results confirmed that public spending in education, health care, and welfare service had a positive medium-term as well as long-term effect on economic performance, while cash-type welfare spending had an obscure or no visible effect on economy. Government consumption that is a proxy and control variable of size of the welfare state showed a positive effect on real GDP in the medium term but a negative effect in the long run. In conclusion, this study suggests that reinforcing social services should be recognized and dealt with as essence of social investment strategy. K E Y W O R D Seconomic growth, education, health care, public expenditure, social investment, social service, welfare service

It is conventional wisdom that universalism is more effective than selectivism in addressing the problems of poverty and inequality. In providing income security for the elderly, retirement pensions calculated on the principle of social insurance represent universalism and social assistance benefits on the basis of means-test selectivism. Korea has both a contributory pension scheme and social assistance program for the elderly. The social assistance began in 1961. The contributory scheme, the National Pension, started belatedly in 1988 and its coverage expanded to the entire population in 1999. We can, therefore, expect that the social security system, especially the universal pension scheme based on social insurance, has some positive impacts on the reduction of poverty and inequality. This paper, however, raises doubt as to the conventional wisdom and thus reviews the developmental process of the Korean social security system for the aged. It was found that the dominant ideological controversy revolved, not around universalism versus selectivism, but around the option between developmentalism and other strategies. Our empirical analysis showed that the public pension had little impact on the reduction of poverty and inequality, particularly in comparison with advanced welfare states. This is not surprising at all, since poverty eradication and redistribution were not major objectives of the Korean social security system. The controversy between universalism and selectivism was relatively unfamiliar in the policy process of the Korean social security system. Even though the redistributive effect is getting larger as the National Pension system becomes mature, the developmentalist model has been proved to be a more useful tool for explaining the limited role of Korean social security.