The human genome contains more than 200,000 gene isoforms. However, different isoforms can be highly similar, and with an average length of 1.5kb remain difficult to study with short read sequencing. To systematically evaluate the ability to study the transcriptome at a resolution of individual isoforms we profiled 5 human cell lines with short read cDNA sequencing and Nanopore long read direct RNA, amplification-free direct cDNA, PCR-cDNA sequencing. The long read protocols showed a high level of consistency, with amplification-free RNA and cDNA sequencing being most similar. While short and long reads generated comparable gene expression estimates, they differed substantially for individual isoforms. We find that increased read length improves read-to-transcript assignment, identifies interactions between alternative promoters and splicing, enables the discovery of novel transcripts from repetitive regions, facilitates the quantification of full-length fusion isoforms and enables the simultaneous profiling of m6A RNA modifications when RNA is sequenced directly. Our study demonstrates the advantage of long read RNA sequencing and provides a comprehensive resource that will enable the development and benchmarking of computational methods for profiling complex transcriptional events at isoform-level resolution.

The13C NMR spectrum of the carbonyl carbons of the acyl groups of triacylglycerols of palm oil has been shown to give the composition of saturated, oleic and linoleic acyl groups at the 1,3‐positions and at the 2‐position of the glycerol moiety. Except for the lack of differentiation of the saturated fatty acids, the13C NMR technique provides the same information as the tedious enzymatic hydrolysis cum fatty acid analysis. The carbonyl carbon of the linolenic acyl group (18∶3,[cis, cis, cis]‐9, 12, 15) has a chemical shift which is only 0.005 ppm to low frequency of that of the linoleic acyl group (18∶2,[cis, cis]‐9, 12), so that the two resonances may not be distinguishable (or resolved) even at a high magnetic field.

Compact molecular structures of antimicrobial (R3PAu)2L (R = Et (1), Ph ((2) and Cy ((3); LH2 = {1,4-[MeOC(S)-N(H)]2C6H4}), arise from intramolecular Au⋯π(aryl) interactions, proven by theory to be attractive and 12 kcal mol–1 more stable than anticipated Au⋯O interactions.

In the triglycerides of palm oil (or any vegetable oil or fat), an unsaturated fatty acid (oleic or linoleic) attached to the 2‐glycerol carbon can be distinguished from one attached to the 1‐ or 3‐glycerol carbon by high (or medium) field13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the olefinic carbons. The chemical shift difference of the olefinic carbons in the fatty acid chain is characteristic of the chain's glycerol position and can therefore be used to identify the glycerol position of an unsaturated fatty acid in the triglyceride.