We report a multiresistant Enterobacter cloacae outbreak in an intensive care unit, associated with mattresses and with antibacterial-treated and vapour-permeable polyurethane synthetic mattress covers of therapeutic beds.An increased risk of infection and pressure sores is associated with contaminated mattresses [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This is mostly due to disruption of the integrity of the mattress cover surface [7]. Antibacterial-treated and vapour-permeable polyurethane synthetic mattress covers have been developed to reduce bacterial and fungal colonisation of mattresses. These are currently widely used on therapeutic beds. These covers are considered easy to clean and to disinfect.We report an outbreak associated with recently developed therapeutic beds in an intensive care unit in which there appeared to be satisfactory nursing procedures and in which the mattress covers appeared to be visually intact. Our observations allow us to propose additional measures to the recommended maintenance procedure to avoid this type of hospital infection.Between 1 February and 30 May 2005, a cluster of 15 patients infected/colonised (12 infected and three colonised) by a third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae was observed in the surgery intensive care unit of the teaching hospital of Tours, France. Molecular typing of E. cloacae isolates identified a clonal strain responsible for seven of the infection/colonisation cases (Fig. 1). A review of the procedures and techniques of the intensive care unit medical staff revealed a common factor among the infected/colonised patients: all patients had been nursed on therapeutic beds. These beds (n = 6) consisted of a soft, dense, modern foam mattress covered with a waterproof antibacterially treated permeable polyurethane cover. The mattresses and covers had been recently acquired (<18 months) and the covers were cleaned daily using an adequate procedure according to manufacturer recommendations and with a common hospital cleaning agent.As the beds were the only common factor among the infected/colonised patients, we suspected that these beds participated in the outbreak. However, visual inspection of the covers did not reveal any alterations. We therefore removed the covers and noticed that the foam underneath was stained, especially where the patient had been situated (Fig. 2a) and where the seams of the cover were located (Fig. 2b). Microbial swabbing revealed a high level of bacterial contamination of all six permeable polyurethane covers and mattress foams. We found epidemiological links between environmental and clinical strains from 10 patients (Fig. 1), demonstrating that at least three of the mattresses were the probable cause of the outbreak. The outbreak was stopped by discarding the six contaminated mattresses and covers.The observation of stained foam where the seams of the covers were situated suggested a fault in the impermeability of the covers at this point and suggested that fluids penetrated the foam of the mattress through the seams....