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Purpose -This paper aims to propose an approach for the optimization of imperfect preventive maintenance and corrective actions performed on a single machine. After maintenance, the machine returns to an age between "as good as new" and "as bad as old". Design/methodology/approach -The approach is based on fuzzy logic and simulation-based optimization. Fuzzy logic is preferred over crisp logic because it is relatively easy to implement in this situation considering that the human factor is hardly interpreted by analytical methods because of its unpredictable nature. Simulation-based optimization is used to have a more reactive and accurate tool for practitioners. Findings -Taking into account the impact of the imperfections due to human factors, the period for preventive maintenance, which minimizes the expected cost rate per unit of time or maximizes the availability of the system, is evaluated by the simulation-based optimization.Research limitations/implications -Different and more realistic maintenance levels must be considered and the traceability of a specific system could be used to determine the most appropriate failure law. For this study, cost reduction was considered as the priority, but the model can be adjusted according to the user's preferences. Practical implications -This paper considers a single repairable machine as a system that undergoes periodic preventive and corrective maintenance actions. Considering maintenance imperfections, rule-based fuzzy logic can be integrated into the maintenance program to determine the times for the periodic preventive maintenance actions. Originality/value -Considering human factors in maintenance programs is indispensable to assure more accurate and realistic results. However, due to the difficulty engendered by their modeling, most theoretical maintenance models do not consider these factors. Therefore, the proposed fuzzy model in the paper can be an important tool to include them.