Female bodybuilding raises an obvious question: how should we judge these metamorphosized bodies and associated practices? We will reframe this question as part of a short communication on what many people judge to be a paroxysmal body that is deservedly discredited. Drawing from Kant's distinction between 'free beauty' and 'adherent beauty', our commentary revolves around the notion of aesthetic judgment. Different expressions of this are considered. For our purposes, manifestations of these judgments are discussed in two 'ideal typical' interactional contexts: one between bodybuilding enthusiasts and the other between female bodybuilders and non-affiliates within the cultural mainstream. The issue of judgment within sociological writing on female bodybuilding is also raised alongside our endorsement of an embodied, interactionist approach and qualitative research. Keywords bodybuilder women, embodiment, judgment, social interactionsIn the contemporary West, widely shared norms glorify slenderness in their definition of the aesthetic ideal of femininity. Against this mainstream cultural backdrop, women's dedicated pursuit of muscularity perturbs normative classification. Rather than submitting Short Communication
Très souvent, le hooliganisme est analysé à travers les facteurs de risques qui conditionnent son émergence ou sous l’angle de la construction des identités collectives. Aucune analyse n’a pris en compte la question des carrières déviantes à long terme et la signification des comportements violents dans leur dimension diachronique, en s’intéressant à trois étapes particulières : l’intégration, la sortie et le retour dans le groupe hooligan. C’est à cette perspective que s’attache cet article en cherchant à comprendre, à partir de 7 entretiens sur 31 réalisés, comment interpréter les différentes phases d’une carrière hooligan.
Tourisme, loisirs, et sports tendent en ce début de XXIe siècle à se confondre ou tout au moins à se conjuguer. Les modifications et le mélange de ces trois secteurs sont le reflet des profondes transformations sociales et culturelles de notre société que les organisateurs d’événements sportifs, les collectivités locales ou territoriales ou encore les entreprises privées ont su saisir. Les relations entre ces trois pôles distincts jusqu’alors sont telles que les uns et les autres s’influencent : les touristes demandent de plus en plus d’activités ludosportives tandis que les grands événements sportifs drainent de plus en plus de touristes; la demande oblige à la construction d’équipements, mais les équipements attirent de nouveaux touristes. En bref, tourisme, loisirs et sports participent au développement local et régional tout autant qu’à la satisfaction des individus.
ResumenEl presente trabajo muestra las dificultades con las que se encuentran los Deportistas de Alto Rendimiento (DAR) a la hora de poder compaginar sus carreras deportivas con su formación académica y profesional. Para ilustrar esta realidad, se ha analizado la situación de nueve DAR franceses en esgrima y tenis de mesa. Los resultados muestran cómo existen diferencias significativas entre los DAR de ambos deportes. Por un lado, los tiradores de esgrima compatibilizan la práctica deportiva con su formación, ya que son conscientes de la necesidad de desarrollarse profesionalmente una vez finalizada su carrera deportiva. Esta situación es favorecida, principalmente, por la federación y por el ejemplo de otros deportistas. Por el contrario, los jugadores de tenis de mesa siguen un modelo monodeportivo, el cual se focaliza desde muy temprano en la práctica deportiva y deja a un lado la formación. Tanto la federación, los técnicos como los propios compañeros de equipo crean un ambiente en donde "salirse de la norma" implica un rechazo. Esta situación es analizada detenidamente.Palabras clave: deporte de alto rendimiento, reconversión, esgrima, tenis de mesa, carrera deportiva, formación. AbstractThe present study shows the problems that Top-Level Sportsmen (TLS) have to face in order to combine their athletic careers with their educational and professional lives. To illustrate this scenario, the situation of nine French TLS in fencing and table tennis has been analyzed. Results show that there are significant differences between the TLS of the two sports. On the one hand, swordsmen combine their athletic practice with education well because they are aware of the need for professional development once they finish their sport career. This situation is favored by the federation and the example of other athletes. On the other hand, tennis table players follow a single sport model which focuses on sport practice from very early on and leaves education aside. The sport federation, coaches, and even teammates create an environment where "not following the norm" involves rejection. This situation is analyzed in depth.
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