Antico et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020897) made available the longest hydrometric record (1875–2017) of the Paraná River of South America, one of the 10 largest rivers in the world. The oldest part of this record (1875–1883) has low accuracy because it was obtained from a hand‐drawn plot of the time series of daily water levels at Rosario City, Argentina. Here we overcame this data limitation by digitizing more accurate typewritten daily water levels observed at Rosario in 1875–1883. The digitized levels were referenced to the modern datum, subjected to quality checks, and corrected for errors caused by a gradual gauge sinking. A rating curve was used to convert water levels into discharges. Interestingly, our data capture the extreme Paraná flood associated with the very strong 1877–1878 El Niño.
Un terremoto de magnitud 6.0 o más está esperado en la falla Alhama de Murcia, la más activa de la región de Murcia, localizada en el sureste de España. El 11 de Mayo de 2011, en un intervalo de una hora y 42 minutos, dos terremotos de magnitud 4.5 y 5.1 sacuden las ciudades deLorca y Totana, resultando en nueve fatalidades y 330 heridos. Sin embargo, cuatro años después de la catástrofe, estas ciudades no parecen estar preparadas a hacer frente a un terremoto de magnitud moderada. Todos los factores están combinados para terminar en una catástrofe es decir, una superficie geomorfológica que favorece los efectos de sitio, construcciones que no cumplen con las normas parasísmicas y la falta de conocimiento sobre el riesgo sísmico por parte de la población. Este estudio propone unanálisis del nivel de vulnerabilidad de los centros educacionales contra el riesgo sísmico en Lorca y Totana basado en la creación de un índice de vulnerabilidad considerando los factores de riesgo sociales y estructurales. Además propone una serie de medidas de mitigación para hacer frenteal próximo desastre sísmico mayor. A magnitude 6.0 or more earthquake is expected on the Alhama de Murcia fault, the most active in the area of Murcia, located in the south-eastern Spain. On May 11th 2011, within one hour and 42 minutes period, a magnitude 4.5 and a magnitude 5.1 earthquakes shake the towns of Lorca and Totana, killing nine people and injuring 330. However, four years after the catastrophe, these towns do not seem to be prepared to face a moderate earthquake. All elements are gathered to result in a disaster, i.e. a surface geomorphology conducive for site effects, constructions which do not comply the earthquake-resistant requirements and a lack of knowledge from the population about the seismic risk. This report proposes an analysis of the level of vulnerability of educational institutions against the seismic risk in Lorca and Totana based on creating a vulnerability index which considers social and structural risk factors. As well as a series of mitigation measures proposals to face the next major seismic disaster.
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