Background Whole-grain wheat (WGW) is described as nutritionally superior to refined wheat (RW) and thus advocated as the healthy choice, although evidence from intervention studies is often inconsistent. The liver, as the central organ in energy metabolism, might be an important target organ for WGW interventions. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of WGW consumption compared with RW consumption on liver health and associated parameters. Design We performed a double-blind, parallel trial in which 50 overweight 45- to 70-y-old men and postmenopausal women were randomly allocated to a 12-wk intervention with either WGW (98 g/d) or RW (98 g/d) products. Before and after the intervention we assessed intrahepatic triglycerides (IHTGs) and fat distribution by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy/magnetic resonance imaging, fecal microbiota composition, adipose tissue gene expression, and several fasting plasma parameters, as well as postprandial plasma lipids after a mixed meal. Results Fasting plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin were not affected by RW or WGW intervention. We observed a substantial increase of 49.1% in IHTGs in the RW when compared with the WGW group (P = 0.033). Baseline microbiota composition could not predict the increase in IHTGs after RW, but gut microbiota diversity decreased in the RW group when compared with the WGW group (P = 0.010). In the WGW group, we observed increased postprandial triglyceride levels compared with the RW group (P = 0.020). In addition, the WGW intervention resulted in a trend towards lower fasting levels of the liver acute-phase proteins serum amyloid A (P = 0.057) and C-reactive protein (P = 0.064) when compared to the RW intervention. Conclusions A 12-wk RW intervention increases liver fat and might contribute to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas a 12-wk 98-g/d WGW intervention prevents a substantial increase in liver fat. Our results show that incorporating feasible doses of WGW in the diet at the expense of RW maintains liver health. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02385149.
Background Whole grain wheat (WGW) consumption is associated with health benefits in observational studies. However, WGW randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies show mixed effects. Objectives The health impact of WGW consumption was investigated by quantification of the body's resilience, which was defined as the “ability to adapt to a standardized challenge.” Methods A double-blind RCT was performed with overweight and obese (BMI: 25–35 kg/m2) men (n = 19) and postmenopausal women (n = 31) aged 45–70 y, with mildly elevated plasma total cholesterol (>5 mmol/L), who were randomly assigned to either 12-wk WGW (98 g/d) or refined wheat (RW). Before and after the intervention a standardized mixed-meal challenge was performed. Plasma samples were taken after overnight fasting and postprandially (30, 60, 120, and 240 min). Thirty-one biomarkers were quantified focusing on metabolism, liver, cardiovascular health, and inflammation. Linear mixed-models evaluated fasting compared with postprandial intervention effects. Health space models were used to evaluate intervention effects as composite markers representing resilience of inflammation, liver, and metabolism. Results Postprandial biomarker changes related to liver showed decreased alanine aminotransferase by WGW (P = 0.03) and increased β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.001) response in RW. Postprandial changes related to inflammation showed increased C-reactive protein (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.02), IL-8 (P = 0.007), and decreased IL-1B (P = 0.0002) in RW and decreased C-reactive protein (P < 0.0001), serum amyloid A (P < 0.0001), IL-8 (P = 0.02), and IL-10 (P < 0.0001) in WGW. Health space visualization demonstrated diminished inflammatory (P < 0.01) and liver resilience (P < 0.01) by RW, whereas liver resilience was rejuvenated by WGW (P < 0.05). Conclusions Twelve-week 98 g/d WGW consumption can promote liver and inflammatory resilience in overweight and obese subjects with mildly elevated plasma cholesterol. The health space approach appeared appropriate to evaluate intervention effects as composite markers. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02385149.
Our data provide valuable insights into the relationship between ANGPTL4 and LPL in human adipose tissue, as well as the physiological function and regulation of ANGPTL4 in humans.
Background Despite the established relation between energy restriction and metabolic health, the most beneficial nutrient composition of a weight-loss diet is still subject of debate. Objectives The aim of the study was to examine the additional effects of nutrient quality on top of energy restriction(ER). Methods A parallel-designed 12-week 25%ER dietary intervention study was conducted. Participants aged 40–70 years with abdominal obesity were randomized over three groups: a 25%ER high nutrient quality diet (n = 40); a 25%ER low nutrient quality diet (n = 40); or a habitual diet (n = 30). Both ER diets were nutritionally adequate, the high nutrient quality ER diet was enriched in monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and plant protein and reduced in fructose. Before and after the intervention intra-hepatic lipids, body fat distribution, fasting and postprandial responses to a mixed meal shake challenge test of cardio-metabolic risk factors, lipoproteins, vascular measurements, and adipose tissue transcriptome were assessed. Results The high quality ER diet (–8.4 ± 3.2) induced 2.1 kg more weight loss (P = 0.007) than the low quality ER diet (–6.3 ± 3.9), reduced fasting serum total cholesterol (P = 0.014) and plasma triglycerides (P < 0.001), promoted an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein profile and induced a more pronounced decrease in adipose tissue gene expression of energy metabolism pathways than the low quality ER diet. Explorative analyses showed that the difference in weight loss between both ER diets were specifically present in insulin sensitive subjects (HOMA-IR ≤ 2.5), in whom the high nutrient quality diet induced 3.9 kg more weight loss than the low nutrient quality diet. Conclusion A high nutrient quality 25%ER diet is more beneficial for cardiometabolic health than a low nutrient quality 25%ER diet. Overweight insulin sensitive subjects may benefit more from a high than a low nutrient quality ER diet with respect to weight loss, due to potential attenuation of glucose-induced lipid synthesis in adipose tissue. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02194504.
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