La farmacogenómica estudia el rol de los diferentes componentes del genoma humano en la respuesta a fármacos. Conocer la información sobre estos factores podría ser de utilidad en el ámbito de la psicofarmacología de niños y adolescentes para individualizar la selección de tratamientos y minimizar reacciones adversas. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica de publicaciones en los últimos diez años en la base de datos PubMed, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: Psychiatry AND child and adolescent AND pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic. Se seleccionaron 35 artículos siguiendo criterios de in-clusión previamente establecidos. Resultados: Los resultados más consistentes son los relativos a los polimorfismos en los genes de la familia CYP450, sobre todo los diferentes fenotipos metabolizadores (lento, intermedio, rápido) que influyen en la respuesta farmacológica de Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina (ISRS), Risperidona y Atomoxetina. Además, los polimorfismos funcionales del gen HTR2A están relacionados con la respuesta clínica de los ISRS y varios polimorfismos de COMT se relacionan con una menor respuesta al Metilfenidato y a otros estimulantes. Variantes de los receptores serotoninérgicos como 5HT2A, 5HT1B, influyen en la respuesta y en la probabilidad de efectos secundarios de los ISRS. Conclusiones: El uso de test farmacogenéticos puede llegar a ser una herramienta complementaria de ayuda en la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en la psiquiatría de niños y adolescentes. No obstante, según los resultados revisados, no está justificado su uso generalizado, aunque podría considerarse en algunos pacientes con enfermedades graves y con respuesta insuficiente a los fármacos ensayados.
IntroductionAdolescents with conduct disorders (CD) often associate symptoms of executive dysfunction and developmental history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There is high-quality evidence that psychostimulants have a moderate-to-large effect on conduct problems in youth with ADHD. Lisdexanfetamine (LXD) reduces impulsivity and others ADHD symptoms, has better daylong coverage and less abuse potential than others stimulants.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of lisdexanfetamine associated to psychological and family interventions in these multi-problem cases.MethodThis work presents for discussion the preliminary measures of the effectiveness and security of LXD (range between 50–70 mg, during 6 months), prescribed to seven boys, ages 15 to 17 with ADHD comorbid with severe conduct disorders. All of them were living in a Young Offender Centre, received intensive psychological and psycho-educational treatment during 6 months before and during the use of LXD. Structured clinical assessment, ADHD and Conduct Disorder Scales were performed before the onset and followed 3 and 6 months.ResultsMeasures of ADHD, and CD symptoms improved at 3 and 6 months comparing to basal measures. Secondary effects were well tolerated and all patients showed a good adherence to treatment except for one of them who was drop out because of increase of anxiety.ConclusionsEvidence indicates that LXD can be beneficial and well tolerate for impulsive and aggressive behaviours in teenagers with ADHD and severe CD. Limitations are the small number of cases and those related to the controlled observation method used.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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