This study results suggest that activin-A and myostatin can exert antiproliferative and/or fibrotic effects on these cell types via Smad-2/3 signaling.

The temporal switching of serotypes from serotype Ogawa to Inaba and back to Ogawa was identified in Vibrio cholerae O1, which was responsible for seasonal outbreaks of cholera in Dhaka during the period 2015 to 2018. In order to delineate the factors responsible for this serotype transition, we performed wholegenome sequencing (WGS) of V. cholerae O1 multidrug-resistant strains belonging to both the serotypes that were isolated during this interval where the emergence and subsequent reduction of the Inaba serotype occurred. The whole-genome-based phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal expansion of the Inaba isolates mainly responsible for the peaks of infection during 2016 to 2017 and that they might have evolved from the prevailing Ogawa strains in 2015 which coclustered with them. Furthermore, the wbeT gene in these Inaba serotype isolates was inactivated due to insertion of a transposable element at the same position signifying the clonal expansion. Also, V. cholerae isolates in the Inaba serotype dominant clade mainly contained classical ctxB allele and revealed differences in the genetic composition of Vibrio seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II) and the SXT integrative and conjugative element (SXT-ICE) compared to those of Ogawa serotype strains which remerged in 2018. The variable presence of phage-inducible chromosomal island-like element 1 (PLE1) was also noted in the isolates of the Inaba serotype dominant clade. The detailed genomic characterization of the sequenced isolates has shed light on the forces which could be responsible for the periodic changes in serotypes of V. cholerae and has also highlighted the need to analyze the mobilome in greater detail to obtain insights into the mechanisms behind serotype switching. IMPORTANCE The switching of serotype from Ogawa to Inaba and back to Ogawa has been observed temporally in Vibrio cholerae O1, which is responsible for endemic cholera in Bangladesh. The serospecificity is key for effective intervention and for preventing cholera, a deadly disease that continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the present study, WGS of V. cholerae allowed us to better understand the factors associated with the serotype switching events observed during 2015 to 2018. Genomic data analysis of strains isolated during this interval highlighted variations in the genes ctxB, tcpA, and rtxA and also identified significant differences in the genetic content of the mobilome, which included key elements such as SXT ICE, VSP-II, and PLE. Our results indicate that selective forces such as antibiotic resistance and phage resistance might contribute to the clonal expansion and predominance of a particular V. cholerae serotype responsible for an outbreak.

: The present investigation was carried out to detect the status of different productive and reproductive parameters of Black Bengal and Crossbred goats at Bandaikhara village under Atrai Upazilla of Naogaon district during the period of September to December/2005. The average age at first sign of heat of Black Bengal goats was better than that of Crossbred goats. In Black Bengal goat the average age at first kidding was 360.5±10 days, whereas, in crossbred goats it was 411.5±15.5 day. Significantly (P<0.01) lower the post partum heat period in Black Bengal goat than the crossbred goat. The average kidding interval in Black Bengal and Crossbred goats were 179±20 and 270±22 days respectively and differences are statistically significant (P<0.01). The usual numbers of kids at one time in Black Bengal goats vary from single to quadruplet. On the other hand, litter size of crossbred goat was single or twin. The average birth weight of Black Bengal goat was lower than Crossbred goats, which are statistically significant (P<0.05). The average body weight gain after 365 days is better in Crossbred than Black Bengal goats and statistically significant (P<0.01). The average milk yield in Crossbred goat was 1.05 liter/day, whereas, in Black Bengal goat, it produces milk that only nourished its kids. It was concluded that the reproductive performance like early maturity, larger litter size, shorter postpartum period, minimum kidding interval are better in Black Bengal goat. On the other hand productive performance like higher birth weight, maximum body weight gain, high milk yield, longer lactation length are suitable in crossbred goat.

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