Introduction: The term “Cognitive impairment” is used for decline of memory and behaviour, depicting its progressive nature, of which the most common cause is Alzheimer’s followed by vascular injury. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) together have an established role to identify aetiology and also to distinguish normal ageing from demented patients. Final diagnosis by brain biopsy is an invasive method, hence structural MRI scores are used to differentiate and characterise the course and prognosis of disease. Aim: This study was done to correlate the various imaging scores of dementia like Schelten’s, Davies-Mattis-Kipps, Fazekas, Pasquier and Koedam scores with the severity of cognitive impairment on MMSE scores. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done on 100 patients based on purposive sampling techniques of exclusion and inclusion criteria. All patients above 18 years of age referred for the evaluation of cognitive impairment were included after taking informed and written consent. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Brain was performed using a 1.5 T MRI scanner (PHILIPS ACHIEVA 16 channel system) as per the department protocol. The axis was taken perpendicular to long axis of hippocampus on sagittal, and perpendicular to the commissures intersecting the mamillary bodies on coronal. The MMSE and lobar cortical atrophy scores (Schelten’s, Davies- Mattis-Kipps, Fazekas, Pasquier and Koedam) were recorded for each patient and imaging diagnosis was made. The data was then analysed for statistics. Frequency percentage distribution of range of MMSE, Pearson Coefficient of Correlation and Fisher’s exact test, Chi-squared Test and Sig. (2-tailed) correlation were used. Statistical measurement was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21. Results: There was statistically significant association (p<0.05) between Schelten’s and Mattis imaging scores with MMSE. This determines that there exists relationship between degree of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration predominantly temporal lobe. However, linear coefficient of correlation (r>0.3) was noted between MMSE severity and Schelten’s, Davies-Mattis-Kipps and Fazekas grading. This determines that there is a moderately positive linear relationship between the two variables. Conclusion: MRI Brain is the investigation of choice in patients with cognitive impairment to categorise the patients based on aetiology and stage the disease that could be misdiagnosed on clinical assessment alone. MRI also diagnoses stage of dementia that affects the prognosis and outcome of the patient. Patients with cognitive impairment irrespective of MMSE score severity need to undergo neuroimaging that helps in improvising patient management at the earliest.

Introduction: Factors associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury are multiple. Among the anatomical factors, intercondylar notch width and alpha angle are also implicated as a cause for ACL injury. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the knee joint is helpful in identifying the ACL injury and factors predisposing it. Aim: To study the alpha angle and intercondylar notch width, analysed by MRI among ACL injured cases and compare with that of controls. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, MRI knee of 450 patients (18-60 years, 296 males, 154 females) were evaluated for ACL injury and were grouped under cases (torn ACL) and controls (intact ACL) with 225 participants in each group. Continuous variables were expressed as the mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Means of normal variables were compared using student’s t-test and means of non parametric variables using Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of counts and percentages was carried out using the Chi-square (χ2) test. Results: There was no significant difference in alpha angle between males and females. Highly significant difference in intercondylar notch width was seen between males and females (22.46±2.54 mm vs 21.61±2.48 mm, p-value=0.002). Males had higher ACL injury compared to females. The mean alpha angle was higher in patients with a torn ACL than in those with an intact one (51.88±3.72 vs 50.57±3.46, p<0.001). In torn group intercondylar notch width was lower than intact group and this difference was significant (21.18±2.67 mm vs 23.16±1.99 mm, p<0.001). Conclusion: Study results revealed that the ACL tears were associated with high alpha angle and narrow intercondylar notch width. ACL tears occur more frequently in men than in women and also most commonly involves age group between 31-40 years.

Introduction: Long-term consequences of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia infection, like lung vessel thrombosis and pulmonary hypertension, require prompt diagnosis and management. Hence, measurement of Main Pulmonary Artery Diameter (MPAD) in patients with moderate to severe Computed Tomography (CT)-based severity scoring helps detect the possibility of complication early. In this study, Coronavirus Disease 2019 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) scoring for suspected patients were done. Aim: To measure MPAD in Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) COVID-19 positive (CO-RADS 6) and highly COVID-19 pneumonia suspicious patients (CO- RADS 4, 5) and then to associate with CT Severity Score (CTSS). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore from January 2020 to January 2022. Total of 200 patients, including 141 males and 59 females, who were highly suspicious and positive for COVID-19 pneumonia were studied. CT findings were noted, and CTSS was calculated. This was used to categorise the study sample into mild, moderate, and severe categories. MPAD was then measured for the corresponding patients. The measurement was then associated with the COVID-19 CTSS scoring using the Chi-square test, and p-value<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Considering various parameters like age, gender, co- morbidities, and CTSS with MPAD, there was no statistically significant association between the former three parameters. Considering CTSS with MPAD, there were 72 mild, 92 moderate, and 36 severe cases. The study found a highly significant association between co-morbidities and CTSS (p-value=0.009) and a significant association between MPAD and the CTSS (p-value=0.024). Conclusion: MPAD could be used to predict the possibility of future complications like lung vessel thrombosis and pulmonary artery hypertension in patients highly suspicious and positive for COVID-19 pneumonia.

In a rapidly evolving world, with a steep rise in breast cancer incidence, there has been many advances in imaging and therapeutic options of breast cancer care. In this review article, we are trying to cover imaging guideline for cancer detection and their therapeutic options. These help in the reduction of morbidity and mortality.