Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age groups. It is one of the leading causes of poor fertility. Risk factors include obesity, not enough physical exercise, and a family history. Most studies in India report prevalence of PCOS as 9.13% to 36%. Behaviour and life style modifications are important part of treatment for PCOS. A number of cases in the community due to lack of awareness and proper guidance, it remains undiagnosed. Aim of this study was to find the prevalence of PCOS among the young females of Bhopal city. Thus, risk assessment in the form of a survey would be one of the strategies to identify this syndrome early so as to encourage young women to seek timely treatment and prevent its long term complications. Methods: Non comparative cross sectional study for duration of 8 month. Results: The prevalence of PCOS in this study was 8.20%. Among all the risk factors, BMI ≥25 (P value < 0.0001) and waist hip ratio ≥0.85 (<0.0001) were strongly associated with the presence of PCOS and Lack of awareness, there were in girls (78.4%). Conclusions: Women who were having BMI ≥25 and waist hip ratio ≥0.85 should be educated about its complications and should be advised weight loss. Girls who had irregularity of menses and signs of hyperandrogenism should be investigated and must be managed accordingly. Early diagnosis of PCOS and its prompt treatment will help the girls to improve quality of life.

Vaccine hesitancy is an important feature of every vaccination and COVID-19 vaccination is not an exception. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy has exhibited different phases and has shown both temporal and spatial variation in these phases. This has likely arisen due to varied socio-behavioural characteristics of humans and their response towards COVID 19 pandemic and its vaccination strategies. This commentary highlights that there are multiple phases of vaccine hesitancy: Vaccine Eagerness, Vaccine Ignorance, Vaccine Resistance, Vaccine Confidence, Vaccine Complacency and Vaccine Apathy. Though the phases seem to be sequential, they may co-exist at the same time in different regions and at different times in the same region. This may be attributed to several factors influencing the phases of vaccine hesitancy. The complexities of the societal reactions need to be understood in full to be addressed better. There is a dire need of different strategies of communication to deal with the various nuances of all of the phases. To address of vaccine hesitancy, an understanding of the societal reactions leading to various phases of vaccine hesitancy is of utmost importance.

Background: Nomophobia is no mobile phobia that is the fear of being out of contact with one’s own mobile phone. In today’s world, cell phone technology introduces new senses of speed and connectivity to social life. Since the younger generation is the latest consumer of the mobile phones, and the under 25 year age group in professional colleges like medical colleges use mobile phones quite frequently. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of nomophobia in Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study conducted for a period of 3 months (June to September) in 2016 on students of first proff, second proff junior, second proff senior, junior final proff and senior final proff of Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. A total of 473 students were selected by purposive sampling. The data was collected using a questionnaire Scoring was calculated as per NMP Q.Results: The study was conducted on a total of 473 students undergraduate MBBS students. The percentage of female participants was 51.6%. Majority (56.1%) of participants belonged to age group of 20-22 years. More than 57% participants started using smart mobile phones before attaining age of 18 years. 291 (61.5%) were having moderate, 6.1% having severe nomophobia and only one participant was not suffering from nomophobia.Conclusions: The introduction of mobile phones and new technologies has shaped our daily life, with both positive and negative aspects.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among girls. It is one of the leading causes of female subfertility. It has a heterogeneous presentation which includes hyperandrogenism, hirsutism and ovulatory dysfunction. It is a disorder of peri-pubertal onset, so it is a disorder of significant health concern; this necessitates estimation of proportion of women affected by PCOS in the population. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of PCOS amongst adolescent girls in Bhopal city. Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted for the duration of 4 months from November 2016 to February 2017. 840 girls of age group 15-21 years were interviewed regarding PCOS using Rotterdam criteria in three schools and three colleges in Bhopal city. After screening for PCOS, all suspected girls were confirmed by USG. Data was compiled using MS Excel and analyzed using Epi info 7.Result: Out of 840 girls, 217 (25.5%) complained of irregular menses, out of 217 only 96 (44%) were approached for USG screening. PCOS was present in 77 (80.2%) girls out of 96 girls screened with USG. Also, PCOS was present in 43.2% girls with BMI >25 and 50.8% girls having waist-hip ratio more than 0.96. Conclusion:This study estimated prevalence of about 8.34% in the study population. Lack of awareness (health-seeking behavior) was prominent in the study population. Significant association was found between PCOS and BMI, WAIST-HIP ratio. More education sessions should be held in schools and colleges about PCOS.

Background: In India auto-rickshaws are main mode of public transport in urban and areas. Health has always been closely linked with occupation. Auto drivers are exposed to harmful environment like pollutant gases, continuous noise and whole-body vibration as well harmful lifestyle like irregularity of meals, bad posture while driving and stressful occupational conditions due to their working conditions. This study was undertaken to assess the socio-demographic profile, Health status and working conditions of auto-rickshaw drivers.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at 15 auto-rickshaw stands of Bhopal city. 20 auto-rickshaw drivers were selected from each stand. A pre designed questionnaire was used to obtain the details of auto-rickshaw drivers. The data was entered in Ms Excel and analysed using Epi info 7.Results: The mean age of study participants was 39.17±10.38 years. 25% of study participants were educated upto 10th std while 22% participants were illiterate. 40.33% of study participants were belonging to lower middle SES. Average no. of customers per day 7, average working hours 12, average income per day on busy day Rs. 420, average income per day on dull day Rs.101. 6.67% of study participants were hypertensive, 3.67% have diabetes while 1% have both HTN and diabetes.12% participants complained of Lacrimation while driving in day.Conclusions: Our study throws some light on working condition and health status of auto-rickshaw drivers. Addiction was common among study participants. There is need for creating awareness regarding health promotion and regular medical check-up.