Temporally broadened ultrashort laser pulses impart thermal effects in the system under study even with nJ energies at high repetition rates (HRRs). The absorption induced accumulated thermal effects are prominent in materials with higher absorption. A numerical and experimental study with the help of a Z-scan has been carried out to estimate the nonlinear thermo-optic parameters of graphene by varying the input pulse duration ranging from sub-ps (100 fs) to a few ps (2.3 ps) at 780 nm. It is well known that for longer input pulses (in ns range), the thermal effects are high. In this study, we have found that the thermal effects in the sub-ps to few ps regime also result in a higher value of the thermo-optic nonlinear refractive index. Finite difference method calculations have been used to simulate the effect on the nonlinear phase shift under HRR fs pulses. The study has been found to be consistent with experiments. The experimental results along with the numerical simulation provide the importance of the contribution of the thermally induced refractive index change under HRRs within a few ms after excitation.

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Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized and dynamically adoptable network. It is infrastructure less and hence can be used where a fixed configuration is not possible or required. MANETs have various real-life applications and hence have gained the attention of research community. Security is an integral part of any computer network system and MANETs are no different. This paper focuses on solving DoS attacks in MANET and shows that a general classification model might fail to identify this kind of attacks as these models fail to differentiate between network errors and a real DoS attack. A reputation-based node classification scheme is proposed to improve identification of real DoS attacks versus any other cause that might not be an attack. Results showed that our proposed reputationbased approach when integrated with any classifier increases its accuracy by around 3.25%. Further, the combined model is able to block real DoS attacks and allow any other cause which is not an attack.

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