Nanocellulose fiber-based composites have been studied as supercapacitor electrodes due to their mechanical and chemical stability. The non-conductivity of nanocellulose has been tuned by MXene, a 2D nanomaterial, and its composites, for use as electrode materials for energy storage applications. This work reports the synthesis of polyindole-stabilized nanocellulose-wrapped MXene nanocomposite-based electrodes for supercapacitors. Nanocellulose, extracted from various renewable biowastes, is wrapped around MXene nanosheets to prevent the restacking of Ti3C2T x layers with the structure being stabilized with polyindole. The morphology, structure, and chemical composition were confirmed with field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Morphological analysis, by FESEM and transmission electron microscopy, confirmed successful synthesis of the ternary nanocomposites. The concentration of Ti3C2T x and nanocellulose was optimized to get best possible electrochemical performance of the electrodes. The best electrochemical performance was achieved with an MXene-grass cellulose-polyindole-1:1 composite [MPC(G)-1:1] with a specific capacitance of 858 F g–1 at 1 A g–1, in a three-electrode setup. An asymmetric device fabricated with developed nanocomposites as the cathode delivered a specific capacitance of 90 F g–1 and an energy density of 40.5 W h kg–1 at 1 A g–1 with 94.1% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. This study established the conversion of biowaste to efficient supercapacitor electrodes via a facile low-cost process.

A new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials known as MXene became one of the most promising candidates under investigation after the discovery of the first member of this group, Ti3C2Tx,...

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