This article is about the accommodation spasm. The primary rule for near vision is ciliary muscle constriction, synchronised convergence of both eyes, and pupil constriction. Any weaknesses in these components could result in an accommodative spasm. Variable retinoscopic reflex, unstable refractive error, and lead of accommodation in near retinoscopy are common causes of spasm. We conducted a thorough literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for published journals prior to June 2022, with no data limitations. This review contains twenty-eight case reports, six cohort studies, four book references, four review articles, and two comparative studies after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The majority of studies looked at accommodative spasm, near reflex spasm, and pseudomyopia. The most common causes of accommodative spasm are excessive close work, emotional distress, head injury, and strabismus. Despite side effects or an insufficient regimen, cycloplegic drops are effective in diagnosing accommodation spasm. The modified optical fogging technique is also effective and may be an option for treating accommodative spasm symptoms. Bifocals for near work, manifest refraction, base-in prisms, and vision therapy are some of the other management options. As a result, it requires a comprehensive clinical treatment strategy. This review aims to investigate the various aetiology and treatments responsible for accommodative spasm and proposes widely implementing the modified optical fogging method and vision therapy in clinics as comprehensive management to reduce the future upward trend of accommodative spasm.

The main goal of this narrative review was to examine the literature on the barriers that low-vision patients experience while utilizing low-vision care services (LVCS). Reviewing the difficulties or the barriers that an eye care professional (ECP) encounters when delivering the LVCS is also important. To review the studies about the people with visual impairment and the barriers they encounter in receiving the appropriate LVCS, and the articles discussing the barriers an ECP faces when providing LVCS, an electronic search was carried out using Google Scholar and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were all original articles published between 2012 and 2022 and the subjects who were visually impaired as per the criteria of the WHO and the studies that included the ECPs, to assess their perspectives regarding the LVCS being less approachable. A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria, and were reviewed further. Very few studies have been conducted in the last 10 years to investigate the challenges faced by the low-vision patients and the eye care practitioners. The most frequent barriers identified from the patients’ perspective were lack of knowledge, money, transportation, social acceptability and linkage with other health-related problems. Shortage of training, missed referrals, lack of LVCS and devices, and most importantly, lack of awareness were the barriers, according to the ECPs. The majority of the barriers were simple to overcome. So, if the medical community wants to, they can be easily removed. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to describe and highlight such barriers.