Pulmonary artery aneurysm is an infrequent entity and is generally congenital in origin or secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Infections causing pulmonary artery aneurysm are limited, in which tuberculosis and bacterial infections being the shared causative etiologies. There have been only scarce cases reported in the past, in which mucor caused pulmonary artery aneurysm. Pulmonary mucormycosis causing pulmonary artery aneurysm is an infrequent and almost fatal complication, as most of the diagnoses are made postmortem. Our case is the first case report in Indian literature that brings out a case of disseminated mucormycosis, causing bilateral segmental pulmonary artery aneurysm in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes. This patient was cured by timely treatment with antifungals.

Context: Emergence and spread of extensively drug resistance (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) is a challenge in resource-limited settings. Although India accounts for one-fourth burden of multi-drug resistant cases of TB, the prevalence of XDR TB varies widely. Timely detection of resistance to anti-tubercular drugs is important for optimal case management. Aims: Characterization of resistance mutations to second-line anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) using line probe assay (LPA). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional, conducted at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Western Maharashtra, we assessed resistance to second-line antitubercular drugs in 100 consecutive sputum specimens from patients failing first-line ATT as per national guidelines by LPA. Results: Of the 100 specimens studied, a total of 94 assay results were valid. Of these, no resistance was seen in 52 specimens. Resistance to fluoroquinolones (FLQ) was detected in 30% of specimen with a predominance of gyrA gene mutations. A total of 12% isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides with mutations observed in rrs gene. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the utility of LPA as a tool to support the diagnosis of drug-resistant TB in clinical setting.