Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are at the center of social–ecological systems that have supported Indigenous peoples around the North Pacific Rim since time immemorial. Through generations of interdependence with salmon, Indigenous Peoples developed sophisticated systems of management involving cultural and spiritual beliefs, and stewardship practices. Colonization radically altered these social–ecological systems, disrupting Indigenous management, consolidating authority within colonial governments, and moving most harvest into mixed-stock fisheries. We review Indigenous management of salmon, including selective fishing technologies, harvest practices, and governance grounded in multigenerational place-based knowledge. These systems and practices showcase pathways for sustained productivity and resilience in contemporary salmon fisheries. Contrasting Indigenous systems with contemporary management, we document vulnerabilities of colonial governance and harvest management that have contributed to declining salmon fisheries in many locations. We suggest that revitalizing traditional systems of salmon management can improve prospects for sustainable fisheries and healthy fishing communities and identify opportunities for their resurgence.

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For many Indigenous peoples, their traditional lands are archives of their histories, from the deepest of time to recent memories and actions. These histories are written in the landscapes' geological features, contemporary plant and animal communities, and associated archaeological and paleoecological records. Some of these landscapes, recently termed "cultural keystone places" (CKPs), are iconic for these groups and have become symbols of the connections between the past and the future, and between people and place. Using an historical-ecological approach, we describe our novel methods and initial results for documenting the history of three cultural keystone places in coastal British Columbia, Canada: Hauyat, Laxgalts'ap (Old Town) and Dałk Gyilakyaw (Robin Town) (territories of Heiltsuk, Gitga'ata, and Gitsm'geelm, respectively). We combine data and knowledge from diverse disciplines and communities to tell the deep and recent histories of these cultural landscapes. Each of CKPs encompasses expansive landscapes of diverse habitats transformed by generations of people interacting with their surrounding environments. Documenting the "softer" footprints of past human-environmental interactions can be elusive and requires diverse approaches and novel techniques. [historical ecology, traditional resource management, cultural keystone Places, Northwest Coast] RESUMEN Para muchos Indígenas, sus tierras tradicionales son archivos de sus historias, desde lo más profundo del tiempo a las más recientes memorias y acciones. Estas historias están escritas en las características geológicas de los paisajes, comunidades contemporáneas de plantas y animales, y registros arqueológicos y paleo-ecológicos asociados. Algunos de estos paisajes, recientemente denominados "lugares culturales claves" (CKPs), son icónicos para estos grupos y se han convertido en símbolos de las conexiones entre el pasado y el futuro, y entre las personas y el lugar. Usando una aproximación histórica-ecológica, describimos nuestros métodos novedosos y resultados iniciales para documentar la historia de tres lugares culturales claves en la Columbia Británica costera, Canadá:Hauyat, Laxgalts'ap (Old Town), y Dalk Gyilakyaw (Robin Town) (territorios de Heiltsuk, Gitga'ata, y Gitsm'geelm, respectivamente). Combinamos datos y conocimiento de diversas disciplinas y comunidades para contar las historias profundas y recientes de estos paisajes culturales. Cada uno de los CKPs abarca paisajes expansivos de diversos hábitats transformados por generaciones de personas interactuando con los ambientes circundantes. Documentar las huellas "más frescas" de las interacciones humano-ambientales puede ser elusivo y requiere diversas aproximaciones y técnicas novedosas. [ecología histórica, manejo tradicional de recursos, lugares culturales claves, Costa Noroccidental] NOTES Acknowledgments. We acknowledge the past, present, and future generations of people who are linked to Hauyat, Laxgalts'ap, and Dałk Gyilakyaw. We are grateful to the chiefs and councils of the Heilts...

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