<p>This paper addresses the comprehensive analysis of various energy storage technologies, i.e., electrochemical and non-electrochemical storage systems by considering their storage methods, environmental impact, operations, costs, and their importance and applications. These storage technologies will help to reduce the energy shortage. There has been a significant deployment of storage systems in power grids throughout the world. The characteristics of storage systems such as the ability to act both as generation and load, fast response time, and high ramp rate. Make them promising options for the system operators to reduce the peak demand, and facilitate renewable energy integration. Various new trends in energy depict the ways this generated energy could be stored and harnessed. With the recent integration of renewable energy, it is important to store the energy and it is combined to help the green energy demand. The integration of renewable energy into the power grid has increased reliability, efficiency, and stability. Adding the energy component will further enhance the capabilities of the grid. This paper also recommends an optimal storage technique from various available storage technologies.</p>

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This paper proposes a security-constrained single and multi-objective optimization (MOO) based realistic security constrained-reactive power market clearing (SC-RPMC) mechanism in a hybrid power system by integrating the wind energy generators (WEGs) along with traditional thermal generating stations. Pre-contingency and post-contingency reactive power price clearing plans are developed. Different objective functions considered are the reactive power cost (RPC) minimization, voltage stability enhancement index (VSEI) minimization, system loss minimization (SLM), and the amount of load served maximization (LSM). These objectives of the SC-RPMC problem are solved in a single objective as well as multi-objective manner. The choice of objective functions for the MOO model depends on the load model and the operating condition of the system. For example, the SLM is an important objective function for the constant power load model, whereas the LSM is for the voltage-dependent/variable load model. The VSEI objective should be used only in near-critical loading conditions. The SLM/LSM objective is for all other operating conditions. The reason for using multiple objectives instead of a single objective and the rationale for the choice of the appropriate objectives for a given situation is explained. In this work, the teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm is used for solving the proposed single objective-based SC-RPMC problem, and a non-dominated sorting-based TLBO technique is used for solving the multi-objective-based SC-RPMC problem. The fuzzy decision-making approach is applied for extracting the best-compromised solution. The validity and efficiency of the proposed market-clearing approach have been tested on IEEE 30 bus network.

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