Background and Objectives: Diabetic foot (DF) development is driven by complex interactions of hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress (OS). We aimed to investigate OS and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with DF and their potential to improve early diagnosis and management of DF. Materials and Methods: The prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total oxidative status (TOS), total sulfhydryl groups (SHG), routine biochemical parameters, and complete blood count were determined in 42 patients with type-2 DM, of which 23 patients had DF, while 19 patients were without DF complications. The neutrophils-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was evaluated as a biomarker of inflammation. Results: Patients with DF had significantly higher (p < 0.05) PAB levels (170 ± 33.9 U/L) compared to those without DF complications (142 ± 31.3 U/L). In addition, patients with DF had significantly reduced SOD activities (p < 0.01). NLR values were significantly higher in the DF group (median: 2.8; interquartile range: 2.0–4.3) than in the group without DF (median: 1.4; interquartile range: 1.4–2.1; p < 0.01). A positive correlation was found between the PAB and NLR index (r = 0.449; p < 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of both PAB (AUC = 0.741; p < 0.01) and NLR (AUC = 0.760; p < 0.01) was estimated as acceptable. Conclusions: In conclusion, the development of DF is associated with enhanced OS and inflammation processes. PAB and NLR could be useful non-invasive biomarkers of DF development.
Kratak sadržajGlikohemoglobin (HbA 1c ) je važan parametar za praćenje dugoročne metaboličke kontrole i procenu rizika za razvoj hroničnih komplikacija kod pacijenata sa dijabetes melitusom (DM). U ovoj studiji ispitivali smo povezanost postignute metaboličke kontrole u tipu 2 DM sa rizikom za razvoj i primenjenim modalitetom lečenja sindroma dijabetesnog stopala (SDS). U istraživanju je učestvovalo 111 pacijenata (80 muškaraca i 31 žena) sa tipom 2 DM, starosti 65,5 ± 9,8 godina. Kod 41 pacijenta SDS je lečen neoperativnim (konzervativnim) pristupom, hirurška intervencija manjeg obima (amputacija u predelu stopala) je izvršena kod 41, a opsežna hirurška intervencija (amputacija u predelu potkolenice) kod 29 pacijenata. Koncentracije biohemijskih parametara i HbA 1c su određene standardnim laboratorijskim metodama. U ispitivanoj grupi najučestaliji faktor rizika za nastanak SDS (82% pacijenata) bila je neadekvatna glikoregulacija (HbA 1c >8%). Utvrdili smo da su pacijenti koji su lečeni hirurškim putem imali statistički značajno više vrednosti HbA 1c u poređenju sa pacijentima koji su lečeni neoperativnim pristupom (P<0,05). Ukupan broj pacijenata koji je podvrgnut hirurškom lečenju bio je značajno veći u grupi sa neadekvatnom glikoregulacijom (68,2% pacijenata sa neadekvatnom vs. 40% pacijenata sa adekvatnom glikoregulacijom; P<0,05). Utvrdili smo da je verovatnoća za amputaciju 3,2 puta veća ukoliko pacijent ima neadekvatnu glikoregulaciju (OR=3,21; 95%CI:1,69; P<0,05). Naši rezultati su pokazali da se održavanjem dobre metaboličke kontrole u tipu 2 DM smanjuje rizik za razvoj SDS, ali i stepen invazivnosti postupka lečenja SDS.Ključne reči: dijabetes melitus; metabolička kontrola; hronične komplikacije; HbA 1c .
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